Fully distributed multi‐area economic dispatch method for active distribution networks

Abstract

Distributed generators can be integrated in geographically distributed areas and microgrids of active distribution networks (ADNs), and can operate independently. On the basis of the alternating direction method of multipliers, the authors describe an efficient fully distributed algorithm to solve multi-area economic dispatch problems in ADNs without requiring a central coordinator. The physical interpretation of the distributed algorithm and a proof for its convergence are both given. Network losses are taken into account by exploiting the features of ADNs. Two other popular distributed algorithms, including Lagrangian relaxation and auxiliary problem principle, are also implemented and compared with numerical tests. They discuss numerical results that demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm.

Optimal residential demand response considering the operational constraints of unbalanced distribution networks

“…Normalized curves of critical load, PV active power output and cost of LSE are shown in Fig. 3 [15,20]. In simulation, the proposed DLC scheme is compared with the baseline without DLC (W/O DLC in short) and conventional DLC.…”

“…The voltage drop is more severe when the demand goes higher. This relationship can be explained by the voltage equation (15).…”

“…:: are all non-linear terms, we can extend the Taylor expansion technique in our previous work [15] to three phase unbalanced cases and ensure (14) and (15) to be linear constraints. Detailed derivation is available in [16].…”

Practical multi‐area bi‐objective environmental economic dispatch equipped with a hybrid gradient search method and improved Jaya algorithm

“…', ' ', (32) , , , (33) By applying the differentiation formula for the absolute sinusoidal cost function and exponential emission function, their derivatives are respectively formulated in (31) and (33). They are graphically illustrated in Fig.…”

“…The existence of off-nominal turn ratios and their illustration on an AC power network analyzer with several interconnected transmission systems are considered in tensorial techniques to drive (8). Moreover, Kron's formula is definitely appropriate for transmission networks as the practical computation of B-loss coefficients is based on the fact that the X/R (reactance/resistance) ratio is large [31], [32]. Constraints (9) and (10) impose the up and down ramp restrictions, respectively.…”