Fully Compact Routing in Low Memory Self-Healing Trees

Abstract

The paper (Compact Routing Messages in Self-Healing Trees, TCS 2017) introduced CompactFTZ, the first self-healing compact routing algorithm that works in a distributed network with each node using only O(log n) words (i.e. O(log 2 n) bits) memory and thus O(log n) sized messages. The routing uses only O(1) and O(log n) words routing table and packet labels respectively on a self-healing tree that also works using only O(1) words repairing the network in face of a strong adversary deleting nodes. This deterministic algorithm sets up its data structures in a preprocessing phase and then updates the required data structures in only O(1) parallel time per healing round during execution of the algorithm.However, CompactFTZ has no constraints in its preprocessing phase which could be done in distributed large memory or even centrally. In this paper, we correct that by developing the algorithms for preprocessing of CompactFTZ in a fully distributed manner using only O(log n) words memory in optimal time. In fact, the preprocessing for the self-healing tree (ForgivingTree) component takes only O(1) memory. We develop a local function which each node invokes to instantly compute and then relay its repair instructions (known as its Will) in only O(1) time.We formalise the low memory CONGEST model setting used in previous low memory algorithms (e.g. [24]); nodes' working memory is restricted to be much smaller (in our case, O(log n)) than the numbers of their neighbours to whom they communicate through their I/O ports. We expand the model to allow for non-contiguous ports (e.g. empty ports or neighbours unmarked or lost in dynamic settings) and adversarial order of inputs from neighbours. Besides the Wills, we set up the tree structures and traversals for the routing scheme using only O(log n) memory and O(D) parallel time, where D is the diameter. Thus, we devise the first self-healing compact routing algorithm that can be fully set up and executed in low memory.

Terminating cases of flooding

“…Another possible area of investigation is the design of 'functional' self-healing algorithms [5,6] such that an ongoing flooding will still terminate despite nodes being adversarially deleted or inserted with judicious insertion of edges and maintaining of other invariants such as connectivity and expansion [28,29,16,39,15,34].…”