Fully Artificial Exosomes: Towards New Theranostic Biomaterials

The intestinal tract consists of various types of cells, such as epithelial cells, Paneth cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes, which constitute the intestinal immune system and play a significant role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis by producing antimicrobial materials and controlling the host-commensal balance. Various studies have found that the dysfunction of intestinal homeostasis contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). As a novel mediator, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recognized as effective communicators, not only between cells but also between cells and the organism. In recent years, EVs have been regarded as vital characters for dysregulated homeostasis and IBD in either the etiology or the pathology of intestinal inflammation. Here, we review recent studies on EVs associated with intestinal homeostasis and IBD and discuss their source, cargo, and origin, as well as their therapeutic effects on IBD, which mainly include artificial nanoparticles and EVs derived from microorganisms.

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“…7 Mediators of Inflammation [156,157]. These studies regarding cargo manipulation suggest that EVs may be beneficial as drug delivery vehicles.…”

Section: The Clinical Potential Of Evs On Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular Vesicles with Possible Roles in Gut Intestinal Tract Homeostasis and IBD

Chang

Wang

Zhao

et al. 2020

Mediators of Inflammation

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“…After injecting the cells in this device, they undergo to the shear-stress and they break in the membrane fragments that will then reassemble mainly in nanovesicles. One of the main advantages of top-down methods is that the techniques to modify cells before EV isolation can be easily applied, in this case in order to obtain specific components on the artificial EV membrane [ 113 ]. As the nanovesicles are directly derived from cells, they have a high biocompatibility, reduced clearance, and enhanced delivery efficacy thanks to the increased cellular uptake.…”

Section: Synthetic and Chimeric Evsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The bottom-up method starts from small components, i.e., molecular building blocks to obtain complex structures, namely, the synthetic EVs [ 111 , 113 ]. The aim is to mimic the natural EVs using specific lipid composition and then functionalize this synthetic lipid bilayer (liposome) with the proteins that are necessary for targeting/biomimetic purposes with the same techniques used to engineer the natural EVs [ 113 ]. This method was developed through starting from two important hypotheses: 1.…”

Section: Synthetic and Chimeric Evsmentioning

confidence: 99%

EVs and Bioengineering: From Cellular Products to Engineered Nanomachines

Villata

Canta

Cauda

2020

IJMS

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural carriers produced by many different cell types that have a plethora of functions and roles that are still under discovery. This review aims to be a compendium on the current advancement in terms of EV modifications and re-engineering, as well as their potential use in nanomedicine. In particular, the latest advancements on artificial EVs are discussed, with these being the frontier of nanomedicine-based therapeutics. The first part of this review gives an overview of the EVs naturally produced by cells and their extraction methods, focusing on the possibility to use them to carry desired cargo. The main issues for the production of the EV-based carriers are addressed, and several examples of the techniques used to upload the cargo are provided. The second part focuses on the engineered EVs, obtained through surface modification, both using direct and indirect methods, i.e., engineering of the parental cells. Several examples of the current literature are proposed to show the broad variety of engineered EVs produced thus far. In particular, we also report the possibility to engineer the parental cells to produce cargo-loaded EVs or EVs displaying specific surface markers. The third and last part focuses on the most recent advancements based on synthetic and chimeric EVs and the methods for their production. Both top-down or bottom-up techniques are analyzed, with many examples of applications.

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“…applications such as tissue engineering, [3][4][5] drug delivery, [6][7][8] and theranostics. [2,9] Molecular self-assembly is a thermodynamic process in which molecules assemble into an ordered structure due to attractive and repulsive intramolecular and/or intermolecular interactions. [10,11] These interactions are noncovalent and include hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions, and van der Waals forces.…”

Section: Doi: 101002/adtp201900164mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Advances in biotechnology and material science have stimulated the development of nature‐imitating materials in the past few decades. The ability to fabricate biological macromolecules such as collagen and exosomes in their native hierarchical form has emerged from an improved understanding of the requirements for recreating cellular and extracellular environments in the laboratory. Mimicry of biological macromolecules has produced self‐assembling nanostructures and scaffolds useful in biomedical applications such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, and theranostics …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineering the Architecture of Elastin‐Like Polypeptides: From Unimers to Hierarchical Self‐Assembly

Saha

Banskota

Roberts

et al. 2020

Advanced Therapeutics

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Well‐defined tunable nanostructures formed through the hierarchical self‐assembly of peptide building blocks have drawn significant attention due to their potential applications in biomedical science. Artificial protein polymers derived from elastin‐like polypeptides (ELPs), which are based on the repeating sequence of tropoelastin (the water‐soluble precursor to elastin), provide a promising platform for creating nanostructures due to their biocompatibility, ease of synthesis, and customizable architecture. By designing the sequence and composition of ELPs at the gene level, their physicochemical properties can be controlled to a degree that is unmatched by synthetic polymers. A variety of ELP‐based nanostructures are designed, inspired by the self‐assembly of elastin and other proteins in biological systems. The choice of building blocks determines not only the physical properties of the nanostructures, but also their self‐assembly into architectures ranging from spherical micelles to elongated nanofibers. This review focuses on the molecular determinants of ELP and ELP‐hybrid self‐assembly and formation of spherical, rod‐like, worm‐like, fibrillar, and vesicle architectures. A brief discussion of the potential biomedical applications of these supramolecular assemblies is also included.

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Fully Artificial Exosomes: Towards New Theranostic Biomaterials

Cited by 73 publications

References 13 publications

Extracellular Vesicles with Possible Roles in Gut Intestinal Tract Homeostasis and IBD

Extracellular Vesicles with Possible Roles in Gut Intestinal Tract Homeostasis and IBD

EVs and Bioengineering: From Cellular Products to Engineered Nanomachines

Engineering the Architecture of Elastin‐Like Polypeptides: From Unimers to Hierarchical Self‐Assembly

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