Fullerenes found in the Permo‐Triassic mass extinction period

Chijiwa, Takuya; Arai, Toshinari; Sugai, Toshiki; Shinohara, Hisanori; Kumazawa, Mineo; Takano, Masao; Kawakami, Shin-iti

doi:10.1029/1999gl900050

Cited by 32 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(4 reference statements)

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“…Impactderived diamonds have been found at different K-T boundary locations around the world, and the presence offullerenes (which were detected at the K-T boundary) may be significant as well. Recently, Chijiwa et al (1999) reported on the discovery of fullerenes in a Permo-Triassic boundary section. The significance of noble gases, especially 3He, as a marker for extraterrestrial material, possibly associated with impact events, is discussed by Farley (chapter 11).…”

Section: Conclusion: Distal Impact Ejecta In the Stratigraphic Recordmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Sedimentary Record of Impact Events

Koeberl

2001

Accretion of Extraterrestrial Matter Throughout Earth’s History

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Some impact events in the geological record have been recognized because of the discovery of ejecta layers. Ejecta are classified into proximal ejecta, which are found in the immediate vicinity of an impact crater, within <5 crater radii from the rim, and distal ejecta, i.e., those that occur at considerable distances from the source crater (>5 crater radii from the crater rim). Distal ejecta consist of (usually fine-grained) rock and mineral fragments, and/or contain impact glasses.

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Section: Conclusion: Distal Impact Ejecta In the Stratigraphic Recordmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Sedimentary Record of Impact Events

Koeberl

2001

Accretion of Extraterrestrial Matter Throughout Earth’s History

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“…Fullerenes were reported as constituents of chondritic material within the Allende meteorite Becker & Bunch 1997), although this identiÐcation has subsequently been queried in other studies (Heymann 1997 ;Kim & Yang 1998). Traces of C 60 have also been reported from the Long Duration Exposure Facility (Radicati di Brozlo et al 1994), from the Allende meteorite , and in the geological strata of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary layer, associated with the alleged meteoritic impact on the Yucatan peninsular (Heymann et al 1994 ;Chijiwa et al 1999). While some of these Ðndings, most notably the latter, are attributed to terrestrial phenomena such as wild Ðres, it is interesting to consider that some such Ðndings may represent extraterrestrial material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Laboratory Studies of Ion/Molecule Reactions of Fullerenes: Chemical Derivatization of Fullerenes within Dense Interstellar Clouds and Circumstellar Shells

Petrie

Böhme

2000

ApJ

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We discuss recent experimental results for ion/molecule reactions of ionized and multiply-ionized fullerenes, and of derivatized fullerene ions, with molecules relevant to the chemistry of interstellar clouds and circumstellar envelopes These reactions were studied using a selected-ion Ñow tube (SIFT) at 294^2 K in helium at a pressure of 0.35^0.01 torr. The present study supplements an earlier discussion on aspects of interstellar fullerene ion chemistry explored by the same technique. Several implications are apparent for the chemical processing of fullerenes in various astrophysical environments. Triply charged fullerene ions, such as may be formed under conditions prevailing within dense IS clouds, C 60 3`, but their abundance will be very low owing to the large number of loss processes identiÐed for such species. Derivatization of fullerene ions under interstellar or circumstellar conditions is less probable for larger fullerenes than for fullerenes smaller than Hydrogenation may severely impede the efficiency C 60 . of fullerene ion association with polar molecules and small unsaturated molecules, but should not substantially a †ect the efficiency of addition of radicals or PAHs under these conditions.We discuss prospects for neutralization of ionized fullerene adducts. Four classes of adduct ions are described, di †ering in their structure and expected neutralization tendencies. Adducts of fullerene ions with interstellar isonitriles, with radicals, and with linear polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs ; class 1) are most likely to form derivatized fullerenes on neutralization, while fullerene ion adducts of nitriles, most hydrocarbons (class 3), and nonlinear PAHs (class 4) are most likely to yield the bare fullerene cage upon neutralization. Adducts of ammonia (class 2) appear to have an intermediate probability of surviving neutralization with the functionalizing group(s) intact.

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“…However, concentrations occurring naturally are likely to be relatively small (0.1-0.2 parts per million) (Heymann et al, 1994;Chijiwa et al, 1999). Therefore, when referring to CNMs, this review explicitly focuses on those that are anthropogenic in origin.…”

Section: Carbon Nanomaterials Diversity and Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Within the environment, some CNMs can occur naturally or have close naturally occurring relatives due to various environmental events (Heymann et al, 1994;Chijiwa et al, 1999;Velasco-Santos et al, 2003;Esquivel and Murr, 2004). However, concentrations occurring naturally are likely to be relatively small (0.1-0.2 parts per million) (Heymann et al, 1994;Chijiwa et al, 1999).…”

Section: Carbon Nanomaterials Diversity and Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon nanomaterials in clean and contaminated soils: environmental implications and applications

Riding

Martin

Jones

et al. 2015

SOIL

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Abstract. The exceptional sorptive ability of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) for hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) is driven by their characteristically large reactive surface areas and highly hydrophobic nature. Given these properties, it is possible for CNMs to impact on the persistence, mobility and bioavailability of contaminants within soils, either favourably through sorption and sequestration, hence reducing their bioavailability, or unfavourably through increasing contaminant dispersal. This review considers the complex and dynamic nature of both soil and CNM physicochemical properties to determine their fate and behaviour, together with their interaction with contaminants and the soil microflora. It is argued that assessment of CNMs within soil should be conducted on a case-by-case basis and further work to assess the long-term stability and toxicity of sorbed contaminants, as well as the toxicity of CNMs themselves, is required before their sorptive abilities can be applied to remedy environmental issues.

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Fullerenes found in the Permo‐Triassic mass extinction period

Cited by 32 publications

References 16 publications

The Sedimentary Record of Impact Events

The Sedimentary Record of Impact Events

Laboratory Studies of Ion/Molecule Reactions of Fullerenes: Chemical Derivatization of Fullerenes within Dense Interstellar Clouds and Circumstellar Shells

Carbon nanomaterials in clean and contaminated soils: environmental implications and applications

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