Full substitution of fish oil with camelina (Camelina sativa) oil, with partial substitution of fish meal with camelina meal, in diets for farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and its effect on tissue lipids and sensory quality

Hixson, Stefanie M.; Parrish, Christopher C.; Anderson, D. M.

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.026

Cited by 114 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…A large body of data are available regarding the effect of substitution of FM and FO by plant products on the n-3 LC-PUFA content of fish flesh in several species (43)(44)(45) . Nevertheless, fish provide many other key nutrients components including vitamins D and B 12 , I, taurine and Se, whose levels could be affected by the origin of the raw materials used in the formulation of aquafeeds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of selenium tissue distribution and selenoprotein expression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.) fed diets with graded levels of plant ingredients

et al. 2016

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Increased substitution of marine ingredients by terrestrial plant products in aquafeeds has been proven to be suitable for Atlantic salmon farming. However, a reduction in n-3 long-chain PUFA is a consequence of this substitution. In contrast, relatively little attention has been paid to the effects of fishmeal and oil substitution on levels of micronutrients such as Se, considering fish are major sources of this mineral for human consumers. To evaluate the effects of dietary marine ingredient substitution on tissue Se distribution and the expression of Se metabolism and antioxidant enzyme genes, Atlantic salmons were fed three feeds based on commercial formulations with increasing levels of plant proteins (PP) and vegetable oil. Lipid content in flesh did not vary at any sampling point, but it was higher in the liver of 1 kg of fish fed higher PP. Fatty acid content reflected dietary input and was related to oxidation levels (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances). Liver had the highest Se levels, followed by head kidney, whereas the lowest contents were found in brain and gill. The Se concentration of flesh decreased considerably with high levels of substitution, reducing the added value of fish consumption. Only the brain showed significant differences in glutathione peroxidase, transfer RNA selenocysteine 1-associated protein 1b and superoxide dismutase expression, whereas no significant regulation of Se-related genes was found in liver. Although Se levels in the diets satisfied the essential requirements of salmon, high PP levels led to a reduction in the supply of this essential micronutrient.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of selenium tissue distribution and selenoprotein expression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.) fed diets with graded levels of plant ingredients

et al. 2016

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“…A similar observation is true for some fatty acid classes, particularly saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids, which also appear to enhance the retention of ω3 LC PUFA in the fillets of some fish species. These observations have been found in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) [31], sunshine bass (Morone chrysops x Morone saxatilis) [36], Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii) [37] and rainbow trout [35]. This approach has been given the more specific definition of the 'ω3 LC PUFA sparing effect' as found in Atlantic salmon [36].…”

Section: Terrestrial Plant Oils In Aquaculture Feedsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Rather, they are rich sources of ω6 and ω9 fatty acids, mainly LA and 18:1ω9, with the exception of some oilseeds. Although considered an excellent energy source, feeding terrestrial plant oils inevitably results in lower levels of DHA and EPA in tissues of fish fed plant oils [21,[28][29][30][31][32], which is detrimental to fish health and compromises the health benefits for humans that consume these fish. Extensive replacement of FO with terrestrial plant oils, particularly those high in LA, cause a high incidence of cardiovascular disorders in fish [33] and also has been suggested to be detrimental to human health after consumption of fish fed soybean oil [34], which is discussed in fish nutrition and human health section in this review.…”

Section: Terrestrial Plant Oils In Aquaculture Feedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The method involves computation of the fatty acid intake, accumulation, and appearance or disappearance of the selected fatty acids in the ω3 pathway and computes the percentage of synthesized ω3 LC PUFA from dietary intake of LNA. An application of this method revealed that Atlantic cod synthesized 6% of their own LC ω3 PUFA [31], and 12% for rainbow trout [41] after fed a plant oil-based diet. Another interesting method to quantify LC PUFA biosynthesis is the use of compound specific stable isotope analysis.…”

Section: Terrestrial Plant Oils In Aquaculture Feedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fish Nutrition and Current Issues in Aquaculture: The Balance in Providing Safe and Nutritious Seafood, in an Environmentally Sustainable Manner

Hixson¹

2014

J Aquac Res Development

101

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Global aquaculture production has increased in recent years and it is predicted that aquaculture will provide the most reliable supply of seafood in the future. However, there are many controversial issues in aquaculture regarding food safety, nutrition, and sustainability; many of which are directly related to the nutrition and feeds for farmed fish. These nutrition-related issues must be considered in order to achieve balance in safe and nutritious food production and sustainability in aquaculture. This review highlights recent studies and discusses new and innovative aspects in fish nutrition. Some issues in the area of fish nutrition require consideration and improvement, such as: feed and nutrient efficiency, overfeeding and waste, fish meal and fish oil replacements, fish health, biotechnology, and human health concerns. The findings reviewed in this manuscript demonstrate promise toward improvement of the aquaculture industry through nutrition. This review is an update in fish nutrition research, and provides insight on the progression and evolution of this field in order to meet the needs of the industry with the purpose to achieve a balance in seafood production and environmental sustainability. The outcome of this review encourages the use of biotechnology as a tool to meet seafood production and environmental sustainability, in order to ensure global food security in the future and to improve our resource use.

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“…In the US, several states are actively growing Camelina as a biofuels crop, indicating the wide acceptance of this crop platform. Furthermore, wild-type Camelina oil has already been shown to be suitable for inclusion in fish feeds and contains no anti-nutritional factors detrimental to fish growth (Petropoulos et al, 2009;Morais et al, 2012b;Hixson et al, 2014). Ultimately, all animal production will depend on terrestrial plants/agriculture and this requires land.…”

Section: Transgenicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and aquaculture in perspective

2015

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Abbreviations: ARA, arachidonic acid (20:4n-6); CVD, cardiovascular disease; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3); DPA, docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3); EFA, essential fatty acid; Elovl, fatty acid elongase; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3); Fads, fatty acyl desaturase; FM, fishmeal; FO, fish oil; LC-PUFA, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (≥ C20 ≥ 3 double bonds); LOA, linoleic acid (18:2n-6); LNA, linolenic acid (18:3n-3); PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; TAG, triacylglycerol; VO, vegetable oil. ABSTRACTIn the 40 years since the essentiality of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in fish was first established by determining quantitative requirements for 18:3n-3 and 18:2n-6 in rainbow trout, essential fatty acid (EFA) research has gone through distinct phases. For 20 years the focus was primarily on determining qualitative and quantitative EFA requirements of fish species. Nutritional and biochemical studies showed major differences between fish species based on whether C 18 PUFA or long-chain (LC)-PUFA were required to satisfy requirements. In contrast, in the last 20 years, research emphasis shifted to determining "optimal" levels of EFA to support growth of fish fed diets with increased lipid content and where growth expectations were much higher. This required greater knowledge of the roles and functions of EFA in metabolism and physiology, and how these impacted on fish health and disease. Requirement studies were more focused on early life stages, in particular larval marine fish, defining not only levels, but also balances between different EFA. Finally, a major driver in the last 10-15 years has been the unavoidable replacement of fish oil and fishmeal in feeds and the impacts that this can have on n-3 LC-PUFA contents of diets and farmed fish, and the human consumer. Thus, dietary n-3 in fish feeds can be defined by three levels.Firstly, the minimum level required to satisfy EFA requirements and thus prevent nutritional pathologies. This level is relatively small and easy to supply even with today's current high demand for fish oil. The second level is that required to sustain maximum growth and optimum health in fish being fed modern high-energy diets. The balance between different PUFA and LC-PUFA is important and defining them is more challenging, and so ideal levels and balances are still not well understood, particularly in relation to fish health. The third level is currently driving much research; how can we supply sufficient n-3 LC-PUFA to maintain the nutritional quality of farmed fish at the same level as 20 years ago, and similar or better than in wild fish? This level far exceeds the biological requirements of the fish itself and to satisfy it we require entirely new sources of n-3 LC-PUFA. We cannot rely on the finite and limited marine resources that we can sustainably harvest or 3 efficiently recycle. We need to produce n-3 LC-PUFA de novo and all possible options should be considered.Keywords: Fish oil; essential fatty acids; nutrition; health; metabolism; sustainability 4 Highl...

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Full substitution of fish oil with camelina (Camelina sativa) oil, with partial substitution of fish meal with camelina meal, in diets for farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and its effect on tissue lipids and sensory quality

Cited by 114 publications

References 29 publications

Modulation of selenium tissue distribution and selenoprotein expression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.) fed diets with graded levels of plant ingredients

Modulation of selenium tissue distribution and selenoprotein expression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.) fed diets with graded levels of plant ingredients

Fish Nutrition and Current Issues in Aquaculture: The Balance in Providing Safe and Nutritious Seafood, in an Environmentally Sustainable Manner

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and aquaculture in perspective

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