Full-scale flammability measures for electronic equipment

Bundy, Matthew F.

doi:10.6028/nist.tn.1461

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…In the NIST-FMEE study and previous studies, UL-94-rated materials which were V-1 or better did very well in external ignition fire scenarios}they could not easily be ignited with a small candle size flame (ca. 50 W)}whereas igniting materials with less than a V-1 rating led to larger fires [13,15,16,19,21]. However, these studies found that not all materials with the same UL-94 V rating behaved the same in full-scale fire tests.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 52%

“…In the first report from the NIST-FMEE programme [12], initial analysis of the cone calorimeter data suggested that quantitative relationships between cone calorimetry and UL-94 V did not exist. Full-scale fire testing data were published, as well as a NIST report which found, as expected, that cone calorimeter data correlated very well with full-scale fire HRR data [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Cone calorimeter analysis of UL‐94 V‐rated plastics

Morgan¹,

Bundy²

2006

Fire and Materials

Self Cite

208

137

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SUMMARYCone calorimeter analysis was conducted on 18 thermoplastics with different UL-94 vertical burn test (V) ratings. Ratings varied from V-0 to no rating (NR), and the types of thermoplastics included were polycarbonate (PC), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), PC/ABS blends, high-impact polystyrene (HIPS), polypropylene (PP), and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). Our analysis of the cone calorimeter data found that there were correlations between UL-94 V rating and some cone calorimeter measurements (peak heat release rate (HRR) average and HRR at 60 s) and no relationship for other measurements (time to ignition and total heat release). However, no precise correlation was found due to significant differences in flame retardant mechanism and polymer fuel energy values. In this paper, we seek to explain further why a broad quantitative relationship between UL-94 V and cone calorimeter remains elusive, and also to show how the cone calorimeter can be used to understand why a material passes or fails a particular UL-94 V rating.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Cone calorimeter analysis of UL‐94 V‐rated plastics

Morgan¹,

Bundy²

2006

Fire and Materials

Self Cite

208

137

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“…A pair of interesting NIST studies [31,32] looked at the fire testing of materials intended for use in electronic equipment, in small scale and in full scale. The small-scale work [31] showed that the heat released by the type of PP chosen for the cone calorimeter tests is very high and that not all flame retardant systems can be effective in reducing the heat release rate to manageable levels.…”

Section: Polyolefinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame retardants and heat release: review of data on individual polymers

Hirschler¹

2014

Fire and Materials

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Summary This work is the second of two parts that considered the following issue: do flame retardants affect heat release of polymers? The reason for investigating the issue is because it is important to assess whether the addition of flame retardants positively decreases fire hazard. This part of the work considered the two following issues. (1) Analysis of the individual polymeric materials that need to be studied. (2) Analysis of the data found on heat release (particularly peak heat release rate), ignitability (if available), and other thermal properties (as available) of polymers in small‐scale test data in recent years. The effects are being presented in terms of the percentage of improvement. The work demonstrated that, almost without exception, when adequately compounded systems were developed, the peak heat release rate of the flame retarded system was lower than that of the non‐flame retarded system. The overall conclusion of the two‐part study was that flame retardants does indeed improve fire safety (when used appropriately) and that a key reason for the beneficial effect of flame retardants is that they decrease heat release. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…By looking at various parameters measured by the cone calorimeter, one can correlate those measurements to other tests or understand why a material achieved a particular regulatory rating. Work on comparing cone calorimeter with other tests has included full-scale flammability tests [5], bench scale tests like UL-94 or limiting oxygen index [6][7][8][9][10] automotive material flame spread tests [11], wire and cable flame spread tests [12] and other types of fire tests/scenarios [13][14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cone calorimeter testing of S2 glass reinforced polymer composites

et al. 2009

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SUMMARYWith the ever increasing demand for fuel savings on vehicles, there is a strong push to replace metal with polymeric + fiber (carbon/glass) composites. However, the replacement of metal with polymeric composites can lead to additional fire risk. Our study focused on glass fiber reinforced polymer composites meant for vehicular structural applications, and flammability performance of these composites was studied by cone calorimetery. The effects of fiberglass loading, nanocomposite use (clay, carbon nanofiber) and polymer type (epoxy, phenolic) were studied under a heat flux of 50 kW/m 2 to better understand the potential effects that these variables would have on material flammability. It was found that as fiberglass loading increased, flammability decreased, but at a cost to structural integrity of the residual polymer + fiber char. The use of nanocomposites has little effect on reducing flammability in this set of samples, but the use of phenolic resins in comparison with epoxy resins was found to yield the greatest improvements in flammability performance. Further, the phenolic system yielded a higher level of structural integrity to the final polymer + fiberglass char when compared with the other polymer systems of low heat release.

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Full-scale flammability measures for electronic equipment

Cited by 9 publications

References 17 publications

Cone calorimeter analysis of UL‐94 V‐rated plastics

Cone calorimeter analysis of UL‐94 V‐rated plastics

Flame retardants and heat release: review of data on individual polymers

Cone calorimeter testing of S2 glass reinforced polymer composites

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