Full-Length Transcriptome Sequencing of the Scleractinian Coral Montipora foliosa Reveals the Gene Expression Profile of Coral–Zooxanthellae Holobiont

Abstract

Coral–zooxanthellae holobionts are one of the most productive ecosystems in the ocean. With global warming and ocean acidification, coral ecosystems are facing unprecedented challenges. To save the coral ecosystems, we need to understand the symbiosis of coral–zooxanthellae. Although some Scleractinia (stony corals) transcriptomes have been sequenced, the reliable full-length transcriptome is still lacking due to the short-read length of second-generation sequencing and the uncertainty of the assembly results. Herein, PacBio Sequel II sequencing technology polished with the Illumina RNA-seq platform was used to obtain relatively complete scleractinian coral M. foliosa transcriptome data and to quantify M. foliosa gene expression. A total of 38,365 consensus sequences and 20,751 unique genes were identified. Seven databases were used for the gene function annotation, and 19,972 genes were annotated in at least one database. We found 131 zooxanthellae transcripts and 18,829 M. foliosa transcripts. A total of 6328 lncRNAs, 847 M. foliosa transcription factors (TFs), and 2 zooxanthellae TF were identified. In zooxanthellae we found pathways related to symbiosis, such as photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism. Pathways related to symbiosis in M. foliosa include oxidative phosphorylation and nitrogen metabolism, etc. We summarized the isoforms and expression level of the symbiont recognition genes. Among the membrane proteins, we found three pathways of glycan biosynthesis, which may be involved in the organic matter storage and monosaccharide stabilization in M. foliosa. Our results provide better material for studying coral symbiosis.

Venomics Reveals the Venom Complexity of Sea Anemone Heteractis magnifica

“…To identify potential toxin-like transcripts, the translated transcriptome data were compared with putative animal toxin sequences, which were previously achieved by searching various public databases (with an E-value ≤ 10 −5 as the threshold) [80]. Searches were conducted against five public databases, including (a) the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) [81,82], (b) cnidarian protein sequences from the Gen-Bank non-redundant (Nr) protein database [83], (c) UniProt animal toxin and venom database (UniProt) [84], (d) clusters of orthologous groups for eukaryotic complete genomes (KOG) [85], and (e) Gene Ontology (GO).…”

Taxonomic Distribution and Molecular Evolution of Mytilectins

“…Colony 1 RG-2022, Stylophora pistillata [39], Palythoa heliodiscus [40], Palythoa grandis [40], and Ricordea florida. A few additional species could be added to this list (Acropora tenuis [41], Montipora digitata [42], Alveopora japonica [43], Parachrysogorgia stellata [44], and Fimbriaphyllia ancora [45]) thanks to transcriptomic evidence. Most of these species belong to different families within the order Scleractinia (i.e.…”