Full-length Genome Analysis of an Avian Influenza a Virus (H9N2) From a Human Infection in Changsha City

Yuan, Jie; Huang, Zheng; Ou, Xinhua; Dong, Yushu; YingChun, Song; Li, Lingzhi; Yang, Ronghua

doi:10.2217/fvl-2017-0151

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In this study, the NP protein had the amino acid residue Q at position 398, which is a unique marker of mammalian host preference. A number of variations associated with host tropism and the immune response were found in the M1 and M2 proteins [ 54 , 55 ]. The M2 protein of our isolate contains markers related to virulence and mammalian host preference: the 64S and 69P variations, which are associated with increased virulence [ 5 ], and the 20N, 28V, and 55F variations, which are associated with mammalian host preference and therefore mammalian transmission and human cases [ 56 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular characterization of the whole genome of H9N2 avian influenza virus isolated from Egyptian poultry farms

Bedair,

Sakr,

Mourad

et al. 2024

Arch Virol

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H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) affect both poultry and humans on a global level, and they are especially prevalent in Egypt. In this study, we sequenced the entire genome of AIV H9N2 isolated from chickens in Egypt in 2021, using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. Phylogenetic analysis of the resulting sequences showed that the studied strain was generally monophyletic and grouped within the G1 sublineage of the Eurasian lineage. Four segments (polymerase basic 2 [PB2], polymerase basic 1 [PB1], polymerase acidic [PA], and non-structural [NS]) were related to Egyptian genotype II, while the nucleoprotein (NP), neuraminidase (NA), matrix (M), and haemagglutinin (HA) segments were related to Egyptian genotype I. Molecular analysis revealed that HA protein contained amino acid residues (191H and 234L) that suggested a predilection for attaching to human-like receptors. The antigenic sites of HA had two nonsynonymous mutations: V194I at antigenic site A and M40K at antigenic site B. Furthermore, the R403W and S372A mutations, which have been observed in H3N2 and H2N2 strains that caused human pandemics, were found in the NA protein of the detected strain. The internal proteins contained virulence markers: 504V in the PB2 protein, 622G, 436Y, 207K, and 677T in the PB1 protein, 127V, 550L, and 672L in PA protein, and 64F and 69P in the M protein. These results show that the detected strain had undergone intrasubtype reassortment. Furthermore, it contains changes in the viral proteins that make it more likely to be virulent, raising a question about the tendency of AIV H9N2 to become highly pathogenic in the future for both poultry and humans.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular characterization of the whole genome of H9N2 avian influenza virus isolated from Egyptian poultry farms

Bedair,

Sakr,

Mourad

et al. 2024

Arch Virol

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“…Interestingly, this mutation was conserved in all human H1N1 strains of 2014–2015, in India [ 43 ] and in Italian 2009 strains [ 44 ]. The only H9N2 strain that displays a substitution at the same position (T197D) was isolated from a 2-year-old child in Changsha City, in China [ 45 ]. Biological impact of such mutation remains unclear and should consequently be deeply studied.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…M1 and M2 proteins harbored different crucial sites related to host tropism, immune response [ 90 ] and resistance to antivirals M2 blockers [ 45 ]. The M1 molecular determinant of virulence 15I, conserved among H9N2 lineage [ 65 ] and associated with mammalian preference [ 28 ], were nevertheless observed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The M1 molecular determinant of virulence 15I, conserved among H9N2 lineage [ 65 ] and associated with mammalian preference [ 28 ], were nevertheless observed. In addition, all strains possessed two residues, 30D and 215A, as reported in M1 of H9N2 isolated from human cases and known to increase virulence in mice [ 45 ]. Interestedly, the Algerians strain harbored a number of single aa substitutions at positions 30, 43 and 215, that were shown to contribute to the increase of virulence of HPAIV H5N1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Full-length genome sequences of the first H9N2 avian influenza viruses isolated in the Northeast of Algeria

Barberis

Boudaoud

Gorrill

et al. 2020

Virol J

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Background H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIV) has a worldwide geographic distribution and affects poultry of different types of production. H9N2 AIV was first reported in the Northeast of Algeria in April 2017, following an outbreak associated with high mortality, in broiler flocks. In the present study, we report full-length genome sequences of AIV H9N2, and the detailed phylogeny and molecular genetic analyses. Methods Ten AIV H9N2 strains, collected in broiler flocks, were amplified in 9-day-old embryonated specific pathogen free (SPF) chicken eggs. Their full-length genomes were successfully sequenced and phylogenetic and molecular characterizations were conducted. Results Phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolates were monophyletic, grouped within the G-1 lineage and were very close to Moroccan and Algerian strains identified in 2016 and 2017, respectively. The low pathogenicity of the strains was confirmed by the sequence motif (335RSSR/GLF341) at the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site. An exclusive substitution (T197A) that had not been previously reported for H9N2 viruses; but, conserved in some pandemic H1N1 viruses, was observed. When compared to the G1-like H9N2 prototype, the studied strains showed one less glycosylation site in HA, but 2–3 additional ones in the stalk of the neuraminidase (NA). The HA protein harbored the substitution 234 L, suggesting binding preference to human-like receptors. The NA protein harbored S372A and R403W substitutions, previously detected in H9N2 from Asia and the Middle East, and especially in H2N2 and H3N2 strains that caused human pandemics. Different molecular markers associated with virulence and mammalian infections have been detected in the viral internal proteins. The matrix M2 protein possessed the S31N substitution associated with drug resistance. The non-structural 1 (NS1) protein showed the “GSEV” PDZ ligand (PL) C-terminal motif and no 80–84 deletion. Conclusion Characterized Algerian AIV isolates showed mutations that suggest increased zoonotic potential. Additional studies in animal models are required to investigate the pathogenicity of these H9N2 AIV strains. Monitoring their evolution in both migratory and domestic birds is crucial to prevent transmission to humans. Implementation of adequate biosecurity measures that limit the introduction and the propagation of AIV H9N2 in Algerian poultry farm is crucial.

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“…The H9N2 viruses are endemic in much of Asia, the Middle East and parts of Africa, causing outbreaks in chickens, quails and other small poultry species, some of which have been transmitted to humans ( No Authors Listed, 2014 ; Peacock et al, 2019 ; Carnaccini and Perez, 2020 ; Um et al, 2021 ). Recently, several cases of human infection with H9N2 viruses have been identified in China ( He et al, 2016 , 2020 ; Jie et al, 2018 ; Zhang et al, 2022 ), as well as the recombination of swine influenza viruses and H9N2 viruses found in pigs ( Sun et al, 2022 ). Novel avian-derived H7N9 and H10N8 viruses have also infected humans after acquiring H9N2 gene fragments ( Ye et al, 2016 ), which indicates that H9N2 viruses have undergone extensive recombination and continue to circulate in different hosts worldwide, crossing the species barrier and infecting humans directly from poultry, with the potential to cause future outbreaks in poultry and humans ( Dong et al, 2011a ; Huang et al, 2015 ; Heidari et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

That H9N2 avian influenza viruses circulating in different regions gather in the same live-poultry market poses a potential threat to public health

et al. 2023

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H9N2 avian influenza viruses are endemic and persistent in China, but those that are prevalent in different provinces are also causes of wide epidemics, related to the spread of wild birds and the cross-regional trade in live poultry. For the past 4 years, beginning in 2018, we have sampled a live-poultry market in Foshan, Guangdong, in this ongoing study. In addition to the prevalence of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in China during this period, we identified isolates from the same market belonging to clade A and clade B, which diverged in 2012–2013, and clade C, which diverged in 2014–2016, respectively. An analysis of population dynamics revealed that, after a critical divergence period from 2014 to 2016, the genetic diversity of H9N2 viruses peaked in 2017. Our spatiotemporal dynamics analysis found that clade A, B, and C, which maintain high rates of evolution, have different prevalence ranges and transmission paths. Clades A and B were mainly prevalent in East China in the early stage, and then spread to Southern China, becoming epidemic with clade C. Strains from different regions converge at the same live-poultry market to communicate, which may be one reasons the H9N2 viruses are difficult to eradicate and increasingly dominant throughout China. Selection pressure and molecular analysis have demonstrated that single amino acid polymorphisms at key receptor binding sites 156, 160, and 190 under positive selection pressure, suggesting that H9N2 viruses are undergoing mutations to adapt to new hosts. Live-poultry markets are important because people who visit them have frequent contact with poultry, H9N2 viruses from different regions converge at these markets and spread through contact between live birds and humans, generating increased risks of human exposure to these viruses and threatening public health safety. Thus, it is important to reducing the cross-regional trade of live poultry and strengthening the monitoring of avian influenza viruses in live-poultry markets to reduce the spread of avian influenza viruses.

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Full-length Genome Analysis of an Avian Influenza a Virus (H9N2) From a Human Infection in Changsha City

Cited by 4 publications

References 32 publications

Molecular characterization of the whole genome of H9N2 avian influenza virus isolated from Egyptian poultry farms

Molecular characterization of the whole genome of H9N2 avian influenza virus isolated from Egyptian poultry farms

Full-length genome sequences of the first H9N2 avian influenza viruses isolated in the Northeast of Algeria

That H9N2 avian influenza viruses circulating in different regions gather in the same live-poultry market poses a potential threat to public health

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