Full genomic analysis of a simian SA11-like G3P[2] rotavirus strain isolated from an asymptomatic infant: Identification of novel VP1, VP6 and NSP4 genotypes

Abstract

We report here the full genomic analysis of a simian SA11-like G3P[2] group A rotavirus (GAR) strain, B10, isolated from an asymptomatic infant in Kenya in 1987. By nucleotide sequence identities and phylogenetic analyses, the VP7-VP4-VP2-VP3-NSP1-NSP2-NSP3-NSP5 genes of strain B10 exhibited maximum genetic relatedness to those of the different isolates of simian strain SA11, and were assigned to the G3-P[2]-C5-M5-A5-N5-T5-H5 genotypes, respectively. On the other hand, the VP1, VP6 and NSP4 genes of strain B10 did not belong to any of the established GAR genotypes, and therefore, were assigned to new genotype numbers R8, I16 and E13, respectively, by the Rotavirus Classification Working Group. These observations suggested that strain B10 might have originated from reassortment event/s involving simian SA11-like strains and GAR strains from unknown animal host species (possibly other wild animals) preceding transmission to humans. Alternatively, considering the lack of data on simian GARs, it might be also possible that the VP1, VP6 and NSP4 genes of strain B10 are those of unknown simian strains, and that strain B10 might be a typical simian strain that was directly transmitted to humans. Therefore, either hypothesis pointed towards a rare instance of possible direct transmission of GARs from an animal host (possibly a monkey or some other wild animal) to humans. This was corroborated by the presence of different species of wild animals including non-human primates, and unhygienic conditions at the sampling site. To our knowledge, the present study is the first report on the detection of a simian SA11-like G3P[2] GAR strain in humans.

Mutation Distribution in the NSP4 Protein in Rotaviruses Isolated from Mexican Children with Moderate to Severe Gastroenteritis

“…The predominant NSP4 genotype E1 identified in the studied area is commonly reported; some studies identified the E2 genotype as the second common genotype [38,39,40,41]. Furthermore, others reported non-common NSP4 genotypes E3, E5, E6 and E13 in human rotavirus strains in Thailand, Brazil, Bangladesh and Kenya [42,43,44,45,46]. …”

Uniformity of rotavirus strain nomenclature proposed by the Rotavirus Classification Working Group (RCWG)

“…The new genotypes were found in RVs identified in a variety of host species including humans, cows, pigs, horses, mice, chickens, turkeys, pheasants, South American camelids, and bats. Several of these new genotypes have been published (1, 18, 23, 30, 42, 55, 56, 81, 83, 86, 90). For several other strains, such as RVA/Human-tc/ITA/260-97/1997/G3P[3] (HQ661112-HQ661122), RVA/Cow-tc/JPN/Dai-10/2007/G24P[33] (AB513836-AB513837 and AB573070-AB573078), RVA/Mouse-tc/USA/ETD_822/XXXX/G16P[16] (GQ479947-GQ479957), RVA/Pig-wt/JPN/FGP51/2009/G4P[34] (AB571046-AB571047), and RVA/Pig-wt/JPN/TJ4-1/2010/G26P[unknown] (AB605258), at present only the GenBank accession numbers are available.…”

Zoonotic transmission of rotavirus: surveillance and control

“…For example, a Hungarian G6P[14] strain detected in a child with severe diarrhea was found to carry buffalo-, feline-and bovine-like genes in its genomic constellation [106]. A historic Kenyan rotavirus strain detected in an asymptomatic child was found to carry genes of probable simian rotavirus origin and a number of genes whose host species origin could not be elucidated in the absence of sequence information from putative animal hosts [107]. The individual genes of another strain from India showed genetic relatedness with feline, simian and caprine rotavirus strains [108].…”