Full-Genome Sequence Analyses of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Strains Recovered from Chimpanzees Infected in the Wild: Implications for an Origin of HBV

Takahashi, Kazuaki; Brotman, Betsy; Usuda, Sadakazu; Mishiro, Shunji; Prince, Alfred M.

doi:10.1006/viro.1999.0102

Cited by 93 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…While genotypes A, D, and possibly G have global distributions, genotypes B and C are found predominantly in East and Southeast Asia, genotype E is found in West Africa, and genotypes F and H are found among various population groups, including indigenous peoples in Central and South America. Active and resolved HBV infections are also found at high frequencies in chimpanzees (17,17,24,42,45) and Southeast Asian apes (12,28,46,49) with species-associated HBV variants distinct from those found in human populations. Finally, an HBV variant was recovered from a captive woolly monkey (21), whose sequence is highly divergent from all other human and ape sequences described to date.…”

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confidence: 99%

Recombination in the Genesis and Evolution of Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes

Simmonds

Midgley

2005

J Virol

214

255

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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is widely distributed in both human and ape populations throughout the world and is a major cause of human morbidity and mortality. HBV variants are currently classified into the human genotypes A to H and species-associated chimpanzee and gibbon/orangutan groups. To examine the role of recombination in the evolution of HBV, large-scale data retrieval and automated phylogenetic analysis (TreeOrder scanning) were carried out on all available published complete genome sequences of HBV. We detected a total of 24 phylogenetically independent potential recombinants (different genotype combinations or distinct breakpoints), eight of which were previously undescribed. Instances of intergenotype recombination were observed in all human and ape HBV variants, including evidence for a novel gibbon/genotype C recombinant among HBV variants from Vietnam. By recording sequence positions in trees generated from sequential fragments across the genome, violations of phylogeny between trees also provided evidence for frequent intragenotype recombination between members of genotypes A, D, F/H, and gibbon variants but not in B, C, or the Asian B/C recombinant group. In many cases, favored positions for both inter-and intragenotype recombination matched positions of phylogenetic reorganization between the human and ape genotypes, such as the end of the surface gene and the core gene, where sequence relationships between genotypes changed in the TreeOrder scan. These findings provide evidence for the occurrence of past, extensive recombination events in the evolutionary history of the currently classified genotypes of HBV and potentially in changes in its global epidemiology and associations with human disease.Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is globally distributed, infecting approximately one-third of the world's human population. It is responsible for substantial proportion of liver disease that kills over one million people through uncompensated liver disease or hepatocellular carcinoma each year (43). Populations in South and East Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and Central and South America show particularly high frequencies of HBV infection that may be maintained through mother-tochild perinatal transmission (13) or horizontal transmission in childhood (8,41).HBV variants infecting humans show genetic and antigenic heterogeneity and are currently classified into seven or eight genotypes that differ from each other in nucleotide sequence by 10 to 13% (29-31, 33). While genotypes A, D, and possibly G have global distributions, genotypes B and C are found predominantly in East and Southeast Asia, genotype E is found in West Africa, and genotypes F and H are found among various population groups, including indigenous peoples in Central and South America. Active and resolved HBV infections are also found at high frequencies in chimpanzees (17,17,24,42,45) and Southeast Asian apes (12,28,46,49) with species-associated HBV variants distinct from those found in human populations. Finally, an HBV varia...

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confidence: 99%

Recombination in the Genesis and Evolution of Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes

Simmonds

Midgley

2005

J Virol

214

255

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“…Table 1 summarizes the 25 HBV variants used in this study, which belong to nine HBV genotypes (A to I) and were acquired at different stages of HBV infection (14,17,(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36). The sequences of variants C4 and D5 (Table 1) are absent from the NCBI database.…”

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confidence: 99%

Support of the Infectivity of Hepatitis Delta Virus Particles by the Envelope Proteins of Different Genotypes of Hepatitis B Virus

Freitas

Abe

Cunha

et al. 2014

J Virol

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This study examined how the envelope proteins of 25 variants of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes 1, 2). A recent study demonstrated that the number of HBV virions in an inoculum per se determined the kinetics of HBV spread through the liver and the timing and magnitude of the immune response, as well as the outcome of infection, i.e., whether the infection became transient or chronic (3). These results indicated that the infectivity of the virions and the rate of virus spread throughout the liver may play a decisive role for the clinical outcome of an infection. A number of previous studies suggested that HBV-associated liver pathogenesis is genotype specific and reported differences between HBV genotypes in terms of the severity of induced liver disease, HCC incidence, responsiveness to antiviral therapy, and infectivity of HBV virions. Some of those reports appeared to be controversial (4-15). The current study examined in more mechanistic detail how the envelope proteins of HBV contribute to the infectivity of the virions. As the experimental model, we used virions of human hepatitis delta virus (HDV). HDV is a subviral agent of HBV that, in nature, coexists with its helper virus in infected livers and uses HBV envelope proteins to form HDV virions and enter hepatocytes through the HBV-specific receptor that interacts with specific sequences in the PreS1 domain of the L (large) envelope protein (16). We assembled in cell culture 25 different types of HDV virions, all of which bore the same HDV ribonucleoprotein (RNP) inside and differed only by the envelope proteins coating the virions. The envelope proteins analyzed in this study represent 25 different natural variants of HBV that belong to nine HBV genotypes, A to I (14, 17). It was found that HBV envelope proteins apparently were able alone to determine the number of infected hepatocytes and the number of genomes that successfully initiated HDV replication after entering a susceptible cell. It became apparent that HBV envelope proteins are not only involved in attachment and entry but also likely facilitate at least one of the immediate postentry steps. These novel findings advance the understanding of the mechanism of virus entry and, possibly, trafficking and suggest an additional virus life cycle step(s) that is likely regulated by HBV envelope proteins. MATERIALS AND METHODS LMS vectors.Using the sequences of the HBV variants listed in Table 1, 24 corresponding vectors were constructed to express the large (L), middle (M), and small (S) envelope proteins (LMS vectors). Each construct bears a fragment of the genome of a particular HBV variant inserted into XhoI/ XbaI sites of the pSVL vector (Pharmacia). The inserted fragment begins at the start codon of the L, includes the entire L open reading frame,

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“…Independent on whether they were introduced by Europeans or not, given the characteristics of its biology and evolutionary history, it is not surprising that three different herpes related viruses, namely, herpes simplex, Epstein-Barr and cytomegalovirus, along with hepatitis B (which also causes persistent infections) where found to be endemic in isolated primitive societies in the Amazon basin (reviewed by Black 1975). Hepatitis B viruses were found in ducks, woodchucks, squirrels and primates, suggesting a possible distant zoonotic origin for this virus as well (Takahashi et al 2000), which could explain its endemic state in isolated Amazonian primitive societies.…”

Section: Human Viruses: Ancient and New Asso-ciationsmentioning

confidence: 99%