Full automation of derivatization—solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with a dual-arm system for the determination of organometallic compounds in aqueous samples

Discrimination of processing grades of olive oil and other vegetable oils by monochloropropanediol esters and glycidyl esters

“…Certainly, a wider set of olive oils, including soft deodorized oils, as well as other vegetable oils will be required for further confirmation. Furthermore, it has to be kept in mind that the manual sample preparation method is fairly labor intensive, although nowadays fully automated sample preparation robots, coupled to GC-MS(/MS) are available for quick and routinely analysis of oil samples allowing a wide application of such oil authenticity testing approach (Jacq et al, 2008;Parkinson, Bruheim, Christ, & Pawliszyn, 2004). …”

Application of Solid-Phase Microextraction Combined with Derivatization for Polar Compound Sampling in Environmental Analysis

“…For example, this approach has been applied to extract and separate phenolic compounds and their acetate derivatives from aqueous samples by firstly conducting in situ derivatization by adding dimethyl sulfate or acetic anhydride to the sample matrix [16][17][18][19]. Similar in situ derivatization technique can be applied to acetic acids and their alkylated derivatives by adding sulfuric acid/methanol, sulfuric acid/ethanol, dimethyl sulfate, and alkyl halides [20][21][22][23], to carbonyl compounds by adding fluorogenic reagents [24][25][26][27][28], and to organometallic compounds by adding sodium tetraethylborate (NaBEt 4 ) [29][30][31][32][33].…”

“…Because organometallic compounds differ significantly in volatility, stability, and polarity, a suitable derivatization technique is essential to make them amenable for GC separation. A variety of derivatizing agents including hydride generation, ethylation, propylation, or Grignard alkylation have been employed to coordinate metal ions, thus increasing the volatility of the species and promoting more analytes to the sample headspace [33]. Using SPME, derivatization in aqueous medium is preferable and tetralkylborates such as sodium tetraethylborate (NaBEt 4 ) and sodium tetrapropylborate (NaBPr 4 ) shown in Table 7.1, which are fairly soluble in water and are most commonly used nowadays for this purpose ( Fig.…”

Automation of solid‐phase microextraction

“…One robotic arm is fitted with a syringe, while the other has an SPME fibre installed. This approach has been used for in-vial derivatisation of organometallic compounds using sodium tetraethylborate in aqueous samples followed by SPME extraction of the derivatives [55]. The system was able to fully automate the entire procedure, which involved addition/mixing of buffer and derivatisation reagent, the derivatisation and finally the SPME extraction.…”