Full-altitude attitude angles envelope and model predictive control-based attitude angles protection for civil aircraft

Guidance and control for own aircraft in the autonomous air combat: A historical review and future prospects

“…Typically, however, optimal control-based scheme provides only the open-loop form in equation (21). The solution in equation (22) can be obtained that, if an open-loop solution in equation (21) can be calculated for all states (x), the closed-loop form is interpolated. For practical implementation of the optimal theorybased solution, this is another assumption we must adopt.…”

“…It is also to be noted that in recent years, with the rapid development of computer-aided virtual reality technique, flight simulation via ordinary computers/controlling devices (joysticks, rudder pedals) can be realized, see the examples in Dong et al. 21–23 wherein the Flightgear (http://home.flightgear.org/) was utilized (Figure 1) and in You and Shim, 24 the X-plane (https://www.x-plane.com/) was adopted. These simulators can be used for both algorithm development and final testing as providing reliable and repeatable simulation environments.…”

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Figure 1.A flight simulation station established via Flightgear. Source: reproduced with permission from Figure 8 in Dong et al., 2015. 22

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Information fusion estimation–based flight control of a nonlinear jumbo jet under wind disturbance

“…1,2 Many types of control methods have been applied in civil aircraft, such as robust gain-scheduled control-based fault-tolerant control (FTC), 3 sliding-mode-based FTC, 4,5 LQG/loop-transfer-recovery-based active control, 6 robust optimal adaptive flight control, 7 adaptive gain-scheduled flight control, 8 attitude control based on dynamic inversion and multiobjective optimization, 9 adaptive control-based structural damage FTC, 10 disturbance observer-based dynamic surface flight control, 11 backstepping-based FTC, 12 optimal control-based model following FTC, 13 H 2 ∕H ∞ and dynamic inversion-based landing control, 14 and model predictive control-based attitude angles protection. 15 These methods *Nomenclature: δ e , δ a , δ r , and δ T , Elevator, aileron, rudder, and throttle opening angles; V, α, and β, airspeed, angles of attack, and sideslip; μ and φ, bank angle and azimuth angle of flight path; x, y, and z, spatial location variables; θ, ϕ, and ψ, pitch, roll, and yaw angles; p, q, and r, roll, pitch, and yaw rates; u, v, and w, body-axis velocity components; u w , v w , and w w , body-axis components of wind speed; A x , A y , and A z , axial, side, and normal aerodynamic forces;L A , M A , N A , and M T , roll, pitch, and yaw aerodynamic moments; L, Y, and D, lift, yaw, and drag forces; G xa , G ya , and G za , gravity components in the air-path axis system; T and M T , engine thrust and its moment.…”

“…PID control method is generally applied in the AFCS of jumbo jets. () Many types of control methods have been applied in civil aircraft, such as robust gain‐scheduled control‐based fault‐tolerant control (FTC), sliding‐mode‐based FTC,() LQG/loop‐transfer‐recovery–based active control, robust optimal adaptive flight control, adaptive gain‐scheduled flight control, attitude control based on dynamic inversion and multiobjective optimization, adaptive control–based structural damage FTC, disturbance observer–based dynamic surface flight control, backstepping‐based FTC, optimal control–based model following FTC, and dynamic inversion–based landing control, and model predictive control–based attitude angles protection . These methods improve the tracking performance, robustness to parametric uncertainties, and reliability of the AFCS of civil aircraft, as compared with engineering control methods such as PID control.…”