Fuel saving strategies in the Andes: Long-term impacts for Peru, Colombia and Ecuador

Chavez-Rodriguez, Mauro F.; Carvajal, Pablo; Jaramillo, Juan Esteban Martínez; Egüez, Alejandro; Mahecha, Rosa Esperanza González; Schaeffer, Roberto; Szklo, Alexandre; Lucena, André F.P.; Arango-Aramburo, Santiago

doi:10.1016/j.esr.2017.12.011

Cited by 24 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…Crude oil and fossil fuels were given significant incentives for production and trade. The electricity sector pursued a hydrothermal electricity mix, consisting of large scale hydropower and fossil-fuel-based thermal-electric plants [15,16]. This period of neoliberalism lasted for nearly three decades, from 1979 until 2007.…”

Section: Energy and The Ecuadorian Political-economic Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The government implemented policies to promote hydropower, and there were failed attempts to boost non-conventional renewable energies [33]. Energy subsidies remained among the highest in the world [15] (having been strengthened during the previous neoliberal period), which inter alia has led to the transport sector becoming the fastest growing sector of the economy in terms of energy consumption [34]. Despite the sustainability aspirations of the reforms, Ecuador both exports crude oil and imports fossil fuels [35].…”

Section: Energy and The Ecuadorian Political-economic Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Ecuadorian context provides a test-bed for the socio-political process of transition management in similar countries where some of the following Ecuadorian characteristics may be present: economic vulnerability due to dependency on oil exports and its fluctuating price [14], oil production approaching a peak, fossil fuel prices being highly subsidised [15], significant potential for the use of hydropower and/or other renewable energy sources [16,17], high dependence on knowledge and technology transfer processes [18], compromised institutions for social and environmental governance [19] and a highly centralised energy system [17].…”

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Collaborative energy visioning under conditions of illiberal democracy: results and recommendations from Ecuador

2018

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Background: Sociotechnical transitions require pressure to be exerted from inside or outside of the prevailing 'regime', without which various path dependencies combine to maintain the status quo. Change agents including policy entrepreneurs within the regime, or civil society voices outside, can be sources of such pressure. However, in illiberal democracies or authoritarian regimes, these voices may be little heard or even suppressed. With the premise that this situation calls for protected transition spaces for policy development that are outside of formal institutions, so that policy windows may be taken advantage of should they arise, this paper applies a transdisciplinary transition management arena (TTMA) process (Noboa and Upham, Energy Res Soc Sci 46:114-124, 2018), whereby civil society and other stakeholders can be engaged in the envisioning of new energy futures. Results: With an example of such an arena in Ecuador and presenting a rationale and design that draws on transdisciplinary research and transition management theories, problem statements, visions and strategies for a more decentralised energy system were set out, as generated by participants from government, NGOs, business and academia. The visioning process was evaluated and an analytical framework is proposed, by which to guide energy transition policy analysis in similar contexts in the future. Conclusions: Although compromised in illiberal democracies, sociotechnical transitions benefit from the voices of change agents through the building of new alternative discourses, stimulating policy entrepreneurship and crafting readiness for policy windows. The new alternative energy visions that were produced by participants in the process described here emphasise distributed renewable and sustainable generation, decentralised decision-making at subnational level, participatory energy planning governance and heterogeneous poly-technological solutions at small and medium scales.

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Section: Energy and The Ecuadorian Political-economic Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Energy and The Ecuadorian Political-economic Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Collaborative energy visioning under conditions of illiberal democracy: results and recommendations from Ecuador

2018

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“…Contrary to that, flexible support mechanisms at different levels of the energy supply chain can replace subsidies to ensure gaps in funding and the implementation of hybrid power systems [21]. This highlights that the Galapagos Islands should diversify their energy mix, including the exploitation of more RE resources [22] and adequate mechanisms for business [8]. Therefore, supporting the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and, specifically, the achievement of the SDG7, requires great effort and the implementation of reliable strategies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decarbonizing the Galapagos Islands: Techno-Economic Perspectives for the Hybrid Renewable Mini-Grid Baltra–Santa Cruz

et al. 2020

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The fragile ecosystem of the Galapagos Islands is being affected by population growth, intensive tourism, the exploitation of local resources and the high consumption of imported fossil fuels. This unsustainable development model makes the provision of services such as electricity a challenge. This research investigates the hybrid renewable mini-grid Baltra-Santa Cruz, which represents 62% of the electricity generation mix of the archipelago. This study aims to support the Galapagos Zero Fossil Fuel Initiative and the Sustainable Development Goal 7 through the reduction in diesel consumption and electricity generation costs. To do so, HOMER Pro, a specialized hybrid renewable mini-grid planning tool, is used to perform several techno-economic assessments, focusing on different electricity demand scenarios. Therefore, multiple pathways are compared to identify the most reliable alternatives towards the progressive decarbonization of this hybrid system. The results indicate that installing 18.25 MWp of photovoltaic and 20.68 MWh of battery capacity could reduce the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) from 32.06 to 18.95 USc/kWh, increasing the renewable energy (RE) share from 18% to 39%. Additionally, the successful application of energy efficiency measures would even reduce the LCOE to 17.10 USc/kWh. What is more, distributed energy is considered the most attractive way to involve islanders in the energy transition process. Finally, this paper offers a comprehensive business model proposal to achieve a resilient energy supply, based on a combination of auctions and energy community models, which demands high political will, reliable and innovative regulations and social awareness about energy use.Sustainability 2020, 12, 2282 4 of 47 and implement RE projects. In addition, the Ecuadorian Electricity Master Plan (PME) 2016-2025 [44] contains the list of priority projects to increase renewable electricity generation. Moreover, those possible new partners can propose additional RE initiatives thanks to the General Regulation of the LOSPEE. This regulation [43] is based on the targets of the National Plan of Development 2017Development -2021 which prioritize RE resources exploitation to reduce the dependency of fossil fuels. What is more, new companies interested in developing RE projects can receive an income-tax-exemption for five years [46].As regards distributed generation, the photovoltaic microgeneration to electricity self-sufficiency for final consumers of electricity regulation [47] and its amendment [48] promote the installation of PV systems up to 300 kWp per user in the residential sector and below 1000 kWp per user in the commercial and industrial sectors. This regulation is not limited to rooftop PV systems. A net-metering scheme is applied to compensate electricity costs. Thanks to this mechanism, consumers are billed for their "net" electricity use and the associated costs become credits for the following months if the electricity balance is positive for users. [47]. The National Rate Schedule for ...

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“…Improvement of the efficiency in the passengers interurban transportation BRT (Bus Rapid Transfer Systems), mainly for the largest cities in the country[88].-The income of massive and sustainable urban public transport (The Quito Metro, Cuenca tram), and the implementation of cargo and passenger electric trains between Quito and Guayaquil[89]. -Campaign for improving driving conditions and vehicular traffic flow (eco-driving initiatives)[90], together with smart traffic lights and urban planning[81].3.2.3.…”

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confidence: 99%

Long-Term Forecast of Energy and Fuels Demand Towards a Sustainable Road Transport Sector in Ecuador (2016–2035): A LEAP Model Application

et al. 2020

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The total energy demand in the transport sector represented 48.80% of the total consumption in Ecuador throughout 2016, where 89.87% corresponded to the road transport sector. Therefore, it is crucial to analyze the future behavior of this sector and assess the economic and environmental measures towards sustainable development. Consequently, this study analyzed: (1) the total energy demand for each vehicle class and fuel type; (2) the GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions and air pollutants NO x and PM 10 ; and (3) the cost attributed to the fuel demand, between 2016 and 2035. For this, four alternative demand scenarios were designed: BAU: Business As Usual; EOM: Energy Optimization and Mitigation; AF: Alternative Fuels; and SM: Sustainable Mobility using Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning system. After analysis, the EOM, AF, and SM scenarios have advantages relative to BAU, where SM particularly stands out. The results show that SM compared to BAU, contributes with a 12.14% (141,226 kBOE) decrease of the total energy demand, and the economic savings for this fuel demand is of 14.22% (26,720 MUSD). Moreover, global NO x and PM 10 emissions decreased by 14.91% and 13.78%, respectively. Additionally, accumulated GHG emissions decreased by 13.49% due to the improvement of the fuel quality for the vehicles that mainly consume liquefied petroleum gas, natural gas, and electricity.Sustainability 2020, 12, 472 2 of 26 consumption levels related to liquid fuels, they have a faster growth forecast of approximately three times between 2015 and 2040. For example, the consumption of natural gas for passenger and cargo transport would increase by almost 500% in the same period [5].Between 2000 and 2012, in several Latin American countries, the energy demand in the road transport sector has been continuously increasing with high intensity every year; in Paraguay, it grew by 11%, in Panama and Bolivia by 5%, in Argentina and Costa Rica by 4% [6]. This trend has remained relatively constant, generating a significant increase in the vehicle fleet, with a 3.5% average each year, which is mainly composed of cars [7].In 2012, in the countries of this same region, the transport sector had a total energy consumption share of 27% in the case of Nicaragua to 55% in the case of Ecuador. Inside this sector, road transport demanded around 85% of the total energy consumption, excluding Panama, where air transport continues to be very significant with 30% of the total energy consumption in the transport sector due to its geographical condition [8].The high levels of liquid petroleum fuels consumption in road transport cause great concern at the global level but mainly in emerging market countries such as India, China, the United States of America, and large regions such as the European Union, Latin America, Southeast Asian, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Africa, which are the world's most energy demanded.This concern is primarily related to the following reasons: (1) the localized polluting gases emissions within cities that reduce the ...

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Fuel saving strategies in the Andes: Long-term impacts for Peru, Colombia and Ecuador

Cited by 24 publications

References 36 publications

Collaborative energy visioning under conditions of illiberal democracy: results and recommendations from Ecuador

Collaborative energy visioning under conditions of illiberal democracy: results and recommendations from Ecuador

Decarbonizing the Galapagos Islands: Techno-Economic Perspectives for the Hybrid Renewable Mini-Grid Baltra–Santa Cruz

Long-Term Forecast of Energy and Fuels Demand Towards a Sustainable Road Transport Sector in Ecuador (2016–2035): A LEAP Model Application

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