Fuel mass penalty due to generators and fuel cells as energy source of the all-electric aircraft

Dollmayer, Jürgen; Bundschuh, Nicola; Carl, Udo B.

doi:10.1016/j.ast.2006.08.001

Cited by 32 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The enthalpy associated with the oxygen consumed in the reaction is taken at the cathode inlet temperature in (3). As a result, the change in enthalpy of the air is applied only to the excess air.…”

Section: Conservation Of Energy On the Bulk Materials Results Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of Two Models for Temperature Observation of Miniature PEM Fuel Cells Under Dry Conditions

McKahn

Liu

2015

IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.

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Water and thermal management have been identified as technical hurdles to the successful implementation of low temperature, polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM), fuel cell power systems. In low power applications, miniature PEM fuel cells show significant promise as a competitor to lithium-ion batteries. Significant design work is underway to improve the specific power and energy densities of these fuel cells. However, little attention has been given to characterizing transient response in these miniature applications to enable gains in system design, optimization and control. This work develops, calibrates and experimentally validates two different dynamic control-oriented models for open-loop temperature state observation in miniature PEM fuel cells. Of critical importance, these estimators target operation under dry conditions with no reactant pre-treatment. Operational conditions are then identified for which each model architecture is more suitable, specifically targeting minimal model complexity. A sensitivity analysis was completed that indicates necessary sensor measurements with sensor frugality in mind. The dynamic response under changes in load and fuel stoichiometry are well captured over a range of operating conditions.

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Section: Conservation Of Energy On the Bulk Materials Results Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first fuel cell aircraft was announced in 2005 [2]. Since then, hybrid electric propulsion systems have included solid oxide [3] and PEMFC stacks [4] at power levels greater than 100 W for both short and long endurance flights. Figure 1 displays the hardware architecture for lightweight miniature CMET applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Two Models for Temperature Observation of Miniature PEM Fuel Cells Under Dry Conditions

McKahn

Liu

2015

IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.

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“…This knowledge will then be transferred to the development of FC powered APU's for aircraft [5]. Additional examples of previous work in FC and battery-hybrid power system optimizations have been done to optimize the hybrid power source through active control [6] and through energy recovery [7]. Other studies have evaluated the efficiency of several different hybrid systems for vehicular APU's [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weight and Electrical Response Tradeoffs of PEMFC Hybrid Power Sources for APUs

Young¹,

Dougal²

2007

5th International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference and Exhibit (IECEC)

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“…Jürgen Dollmayer, et al [13] proposed a 700 kW solid oxide fuel cell system as an alternative source of power to the combined generator and auxiliary power units in the conventional aircraft. Different fuel cell operations are proposed using ram air from the ambient atmosphere with two air temperatures (−24˚C and −57˚C), and cabin exhaust air at 22˚C.…”

Section: Implications Of High Altitudes On the Performance Of The Pemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Jürgen Dollmayer, et al [13] reported for the proposed 700 kW solid oxide fuel cell system for aircraft applications, that supply streams of air and hydrogen must be warmed up to 25˚C before supplying it to the fuel cell stack. Also, using cabin exhaust (22˚C) air instead of ram air to supply the fuel cell stack is more efficient in reducing the fuel consumption.…”

Section: 2561mentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Impact of High Altitudes on the Operation of PEM Fuel Cell Based UAS

Saleh¹,

Ali²,

Zhang³

2018

EPE

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Fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy in the reactants into the electrical energy after steps of sequential electrochemical processes with no significant impact on the environment. For high altitude long endurance (HALE) of unmanned aircraft system (UAS) where fuel cell operates as a prime source of power, the operation and performance of a PEM fuel cell at different level of altitudes is vitally important. In this paper, the impact of direct using extracted air from high altitudes atmosphere in order to feed the stack is investigated, and the governing equations of the supplied air and oxygen to the PEM fuel cell stack are developed. The impact of high altitudes upon the operation and the consumption of air are determined in order to maintain certain level of delivered power to the load. Also the implications associated with operating the PEM fuel cell stack at high altitudes and different technical solutions are proposed. Various modes of Integral, Proportional-Integral, and Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller are introduced and examined for different time setting responses in order to determine the most adequate trade-off choice between fast response and reactants consumption which provides the necessary optimization of the air consumption for the developed model of PEM fuel cell used for UAS operation.

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Fuel mass penalty due to generators and fuel cells as energy source of the all-electric aircraft

Cited by 32 publications

References 2 publications

Comparison of Two Models for Temperature Observation of Miniature PEM Fuel Cells Under Dry Conditions

Comparison of Two Models for Temperature Observation of Miniature PEM Fuel Cells Under Dry Conditions

Weight and Electrical Response Tradeoffs of PEMFC Hybrid Power Sources for APUs

Environmental Impact of High Altitudes on the Operation of PEM Fuel Cell Based UAS

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