Fuel Injection Responses and Particulate Emissions of a CRDI Engine Fueled with Cocos nucifera Biodiesel

Teoh, Yew Heng; How, Heoy Geok; Sher, Farooq; Le, Thanh Danh; Thọ, Nguyễn Hữu; Yaqoob, Haseeb

doi:10.3390/su13094930

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Consequently, researchers have focused on non-agro based feedstock that is abundant such as Mahua, Jojoba, Jatropha and microalgae as a major source to derive biodiesel [3][4][5][6]. Unlike edible oil seeds that provide tough completion to using the land for production as the feedstock of biodiesel, these non-edible oil plants grow in wastelands, which further aids as green cover to the wastelands [7]. Besides, the decentralized nature of such a renewable energy technology makes it well suited to the rural context [4,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonication Assisted Catalytic Transesterification of Ceiba Pentandra (Kapok) Oil Derived Biodiesel Using Immobilized Iron Nanoparticles

Pasawan

Chen

Das

et al. 2022

Fuels

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The embedded immobilized enzymes (Rhizopus-oryzae) on the magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4-NPs) is a new application for the sustainable production of high-quality biodiesel. In this study, biodiesel is derived from Kapok oil via ultrasonication (US)-assisted catalytic transesterification method. A novel attempt is made to prepare magnetic nanoparticles embedded by an immobilized enzyme to solve the problem of enzyme denaturation. This innovative method resulted in optimum biodiesel conversion of 89 ± 1.17% under reactant molar ratio (methanol: oil) of 6:1, catalyst loading 10 wt% with a reaction time of 4 h at 60 °C. The kinetic and thermal study reveals that conversion of Kapok oil to biodiesel follows a pseudo first-order reaction kinetic with a lower ΔE of 30.79 kJ mol−1. The ΔH was found to be 28.06 kJ mol−1 with a corresponding ΔS of −237.12 J mol−1 K−1 for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester formation. The ΔG was calculated to be from 102.28 to 109.40 kJ mol−1 for temperature from 313 K to 343 K. The positive value of ΔH and ΔG is an indication of endothermic and non-spontaneous reaction. A negative ΔS indicates the reactant in the transition state possesses a higher degree of ordered geometry than in its ground state. The immobilized catalysts provided great advantages towards product separation and efficient biodiesel production. Highlights: 1. Effective catalytic transesterification assisted by the ultrasonication method was used for bi-odiesel production. 2. Magnetite nanoparticles synthesized by the co-precipitation method were used as heteroge-neous catalysts. 3. An immobilized enzyme (Rhizopus-oryzae) was embedded in the heterogeneous catalyst, as it is reusable and cost-effective. 4. The maximum biodiesel yield obtained from Kapok oil was 93 ± 1.04% by catalytic trans-esterification reactions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonication Assisted Catalytic Transesterification of Ceiba Pentandra (Kapok) Oil Derived Biodiesel Using Immobilized Iron Nanoparticles

Pasawan

Chen

Das

et al. 2022

Fuels

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“…Modeling gas turbines has many generalized aims, which represent the core objective of our research, such as control system orientations, performance monitoring, control, prediction, reducing emissions and grid code compliance. Furthermore, the trustable modeling of gas turbines or engines can lead to significant sustainable development in these generation systems in terms of using other fuels that are formed from other materials and waste, which can be fired in the same device or by a similar principle, such as biogas, leading to promising, sustainable and flexible power generation scenarios [6][7][8][9][10]. The topic of GT power generation modeling is apparently an interdisciplinary research field that can be deeply related to many disciplines during the research phase, but their research outcomes are extremely useful, so they are therefore released beyond the boundaries of every discipline alone.…”

Section: Introduction 1aims and Motivationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling a Practical Dual-Fuel Gas Turbine Power Generation System Using Dynamic Neural Network and Deep Learning

2022

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Accurate simulations of gas turbines’ dynamic performance are essential for improvements in their practical performance and advancements in sustainable energy production. This paper presents models with extremely accurate simulations for a real dual-fuel gas turbine using two state-of-the-art techniques of neural networks: the dynamic neural network and deep neural network. The dynamic neural network has been realized via a nonlinear autoregressive network with exogenous inputs (NARX) artificial neural network (ANN), and the deep neural network has been based on a convolutional neural network (CNN). The outputs selected for simulations are: the output power, the exhausted temperature and the turbine speed or system frequency, whereas the inputs are the natural gas (NG) control valve, the pilot gas control valve and the compressor variables. The data-sets have been prepared in three essential formats for the training and validation of the networks: normalized data, standardized data and SI units’ data. Rigorous effort has been carried out for wide-range trials regarding tweaking the network structures and hyper-parameters, which leads to highly satisfactory results for both models (overall, the minimum recorded MSE in the training of the MISO NARX was 6.2626 × 10−9 and the maximum MSE that was recorded for the MISO CNN was 2.9210 × 10−4, for more than 15 h of GT operation). The results have shown a comparable satisfactory performance for both dynamic NARX ANN and the CNN with a slight superiority of NARX. It can be newly argued that the dynamic ANN is better than the deep learning ANN for the time-based performance simulation of gas turbines (GTs).

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“…Some low-speed diesel engine dynamometers can use air cooled eddy current dynamometers, however for testing higher speed engines such as petrol engines generally watercooled units are used due to excessive heat generation, but the equipment is much more expensive than an air-cooled type. Engine dynamometers also commonly used to investigate the engine power and emission characteristics for engine operation with biodiesel and its blends [5,[15][16][17][18]. The basic problem is that the air-cooled units incorporate a large fan cast into the rotors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Simulation of High-Speed Rotor for Air-cooled Eddy Current Dynamometer

Teoh

Lau

How

et al. 2022

ARFMTS

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The key feature of air-cooled dynamometer is the geometry of the rotor, which played a vital role in effective heat rejection. Dual application is limited for air cooled eddy current dynamometer due to excessive heat generation when the operating speed is up to a certain range. The aim of this research is to observe the air flow pattern and temperature distribution on the rotor of the air-cooled dynamometer with different geometry designs. In addition, the air flow and heat transfer simulation were carried out by using ANSYS software. Besides, the setting of normal size mesh was proposed in all design cases to reduce the computational time and the mesh files size of the simulation. Furthermore, a total of four configurations of rotating domain were designed and created using SolidWorks software, with each one differentiated with the features of holes and cover. The results of air flow velocity contour were compared with those of without the cover and holes on the rotor design. The optimum design in air motion distributed within all cases of numerical simulation were then observed and compared. To validate the simulation setup, experimental data were used to validate the airflow and heat transfer coupling simulation models. The results revealed that an improvement with more air volume movement can be observed at medium range and high velocity range for all models with cover features over the models without cover. Besides, the results also shows that the influences of hole features on air flow velocity were less significant as compared to the one with cover features. Also, the rotor design with cover and without holes were found to be the best configuration as it allows the as high as 27.7% greater air flow dynamic to achieved lowest steady state temperature as compared with those of baseline design. The Design C also improved in term of temperature as compared to the simple model of plane rotor, with as high as 11.6% reduction in overall temperature. Through the results of this analysis, it was justifiable that the Design C can be suggested as the best-case scenario for further experimental study. These results will serve as a basis for rotor design to improve the performance of the air-cooled eddy current dynamometer.

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Fuel Injection Responses and Particulate Emissions of a CRDI Engine Fueled with Cocos nucifera Biodiesel

Cited by 9 publications

References 50 publications

Ultrasonication Assisted Catalytic Transesterification of Ceiba Pentandra (Kapok) Oil Derived Biodiesel Using Immobilized Iron Nanoparticles

Ultrasonication Assisted Catalytic Transesterification of Ceiba Pentandra (Kapok) Oil Derived Biodiesel Using Immobilized Iron Nanoparticles

Modeling a Practical Dual-Fuel Gas Turbine Power Generation System Using Dynamic Neural Network and Deep Learning

Numerical Simulation of High-Speed Rotor for Air-cooled Eddy Current Dynamometer

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