Fueguian crania and the circum‐Pacific rim variation

Turbón, Daniel; Arenas, C.; Cuadras, Carles M.

doi:10.1002/ajpa.23207

Cited by 9 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The results obtained show that the frontal deformation in Selknam men affects almost half of the population (44.0% ± 13.8%). This estimate may present a positive bias (excess estimate), since the Selknam crania, available in museums and collections may have been acquired for being more spectacular/more deformed (Gusinde, [1937]; Turbon et al, ). Given that it is an extinct population, the possible bias in the sample is difficult to corroborate with objective evidence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this period there was also growing interest in preserving the bone material of the Fueguians, since it was believed that they came from a primitive race called the Australoids (Orquera & Piana, ). Although not all the Fueguian crania are well documented, a recent study has updated identification of these materials (Turbon, Arenas, & Cuadras, ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantitative discrimination of deformation in Fueguian crania

Lucea

Salicrú

Turbón

2018

American J Hum Biol

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Objectives: Artificial deformation of the cranium in humans has been related to powerful environmental-cultural stimuli that modify vectors of growth and development when the cranium is still malleable. Osteological differentiation into deformed and nondeformed remains enables the morphological information of individuals that make up ethnic groups or populations to be separately contrasted, the invariant measurements of deformation to be identified, the information provided by archeological remains to be placed in a social context, the cranial variation to be related to genetic variation (individuals without deformation), and predictions to be made (in the absence of direct genetic information). Methods: With samples of reduced size and many variables, we propose a decision rule based on: (a) pre-selecting variables (Kruskal-Wallis and Λ-Wilks test); (b) applying logistic regression to obtain the optimal classification criterion; and (c) defining a multi-criterion decision rule to bring about greater robustness. Results: After applying the decision rule to a sample of 180 crania (71 from the Selknam, 74 from the Yamana, and 35 from the Alakaluf ethnic groups), it was possible to identify the Selknam men with frontal deformation and the Yamana women with flattening of the parietal regions at the height of the bregma. Conclusions: From there on with the information provided by the graphical representation of the populations in the most informative dimensions and the homogeneity contrast between sexes, we related the frontal deformation in Selknam men to dragging firewood, vegetable matter, domestic utensils, and heavy pieces of meat from the hunt. On the other hand, the flattening of the parietal areas at the height of the bregma in Yamana women is related to loading and transporting vegetables and animals in baskets or leather sacks. K E Y W O R D S deformed skulls, Fuego-Patagonians, logistic regression FIGURE 1 Main sites of Tierra del Fuego and South Patagonia showing the diversity of crania, modified or not, by sexes. For more detailed information (only for current Chilean territory), see Alfonso-Durruty et al. (2015). Circles: female; triangle: male. Diamond: Not deformed. In black: with deformation LUCEA ET AL.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative discrimination of deformation in Fueguian crania

Lucea

Salicrú

Turbón

2018

American J Hum Biol

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“…Embora a diferença entre as morfologias paleoamericana e ameríndia seja evidente em algumas populações, há exemplos de populações recentes com sobrevivência tardia da morfologia paleoamericana. Os exemplos reportados na literatura são os fueguinos do extremo sul da América do Sul (Lahr, 1995;Turbon et al, 2017), os pericus da Baja California, na América do Norte (González-José et al, 2003), e os botocudos do Brasil central (Strauss et al, 2015a). Segundo o MDCBP, essas populações seriam a sobrevivência tardia do primeiro componente biológico que entrou nas Américas, mostrando que houve, de fato, substituição apenas parcial do primeiro pelo segundo componente biológico.…”

Section: Número De Migrações Para As Américasunclassified

Ocupação inicial das Américas sob uma perspectiva bioarqueológica

Da-Gloria

2019

Bol. Mus. Para. Emílio Goeldi. Ciênc. hum.

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Resumo A ocupação das Américas tem sido discutida cientificamente desde o século XIX, gerando uma infinidade de modelos explicativos. Por outro lado, há limitações das evidências empíricas das primeiras ocupações, causadas por problemas depreservação e pela baixa visibilidade arqueológica. Nesse aspecto, o uso de dados biológicos de populações humanas atuais e antigas tem fornecido informações cruciais para a interpretação dessas primeiras ocupações. Sob uma perspectivabioarqueológica, ou seja, através do estudo dos remanescentes biológicos humanos em contexto arqueológico, este texto sintetiza o atual entendimento sobre a rota de entrada, a data de entrada inicial, o número de migrações, a subsistência eos rituais mortuários dos primeiros americanos. Os resultados desse panorama sintético indicam que há temáticas de alto consenso (rota de entrada), de consenso intermediário (data de entrada) e de baixo consenso (número de migrações).Por outro lado, temáticas como a saúde e o modo de vida dos habitantes antigos das Américas ainda carecem de estudos mais aprofundados. Este texto ressalta a importância do conhecimento bioarqueológico para a formulação de modelosde ocupação, buscando incorporar de forma equilibrada evidências da América do Sul e do Norte.

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“…The interest in understanding the mechanisms of cold adaptation comes both from obvious anthropological and evolutionary implications, and from theories that attribute to populations with higher BAT activity an increased resistance to obesity and diabetes 9 . When Europeans reached Tierra del Fuego in 1520, it was inhabited by four ethnic groups: the Yamana/Yaghan, Haush and Kaweskar/Alakaluf, all hunter-fisher-gatherers spending a significant portion of their time in the canoes and swimming, and the Selknam, terrestrial hunters, altogether generally grouped under the term Fuegians 10 . These ethnic groups were identified as different communities in the XX century 11 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…What is known of the ancient inhabitants of Tierra del Fuego mostly comes from navigators and ethnographers’ reports 15 , 16 . All were nomadic hunter-gatherers, and they had an exceptional cold resistance: despite the extremely harsh climate, they did not use any closed clothing, and open fires and animal fat smeared on bare skin appeared inadequate means of protection to those describing them 10 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bone density and genomic analysis unfold cold adaptation mechanisms of ancient inhabitants of Tierra del Fuego

Watanabe

Risi

Tafuri

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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The Fuegians, ancient inhabitants of Tierra del Fuego, are an exemplary case of a cold-adapted population, since they were capable of living in extreme climatic conditions without any adequate clothing. However, the mechanisms of their extraordinary resistance to cold remain enigmatic. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a crucial role in this kind of adaptation, besides having a protective role on the detrimental effect of low temperatures on bone structure. Skeletal remains of 12 adult Fuegians, collected in the second half of XIX century, were analyzed for bone mineral density and structure. We show that, despite the unfavorable climate, bone mineral density of Fuegians was close to that seen in modern humans living in temperate zones. Furthermore, we report significant differences between Fuegians and other cold-adapted populations in the frequency of the Homeobox protein Hox-C4 (HOXC4) rs190771160 variant, a gene involved in BAT differentiation, whose identified variant is predicted to upregulate HOXC4 expression. Greater BAT accumulation might therefore explain the Fuegians extreme cold-resistance and the protection against major cold-related damage. These results increase our understanding of how ecological challenges have been important drivers of human–environment interactions during Humankind history.

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Fueguian crania and the circum‐Pacific rim variation

Cited by 9 publications

References 49 publications

Quantitative discrimination of deformation in Fueguian crania

Quantitative discrimination of deformation in Fueguian crania

Ocupação inicial das Américas sob uma perspectiva bioarqueológica

Bone density and genomic analysis unfold cold adaptation mechanisms of ancient inhabitants of Tierra del Fuego

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