Fucoidan-derived carbon dots against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm and infected dentinal tubules for the treatment of persistent endodontic infections

Abstract

Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) biofilm-associated persistent endodontic infections (PEIs) are one of the most common tooth lesions, causing chronic periapical periodontitis, root resorption, and even tooth loss. Clinical root canal disinfectants have the risk of damaging soft tissues (e.g., mucosa and tongue) and teeth in the oral cavity, unsatisfactory to the therapy of PEIs. Nanomaterials with remarkable antibacterial properties and good biocompatibility have been developed as a promising strategy for removing pathogenic bacteria and related biofilm. Herein, carbon dots (CDs) derived from fucoidan (FD) are prepared through a one-pot hydrothermal method for the treatment of PEIs. The prepared FDCDs (7.15 nm) with sulfate groups and fluorescence property are well dispersed and stable in water. Further, it is found that in vitro FDCDs display excellent inhibiting effects on E. faecalis and its biofilm by inducing the formation of intracellular and extracellular reactive oxygen species and altering bacterial permeability. Importantly, the FDCDs penetrated the root canals and dentinal tubules, removing located E. faecalis biofilm. Moreover, the cellular assays show that the developed FDCDs have satisfactory cytocompatibility and promote macrophage recruitment. Thus, the developed FDCDs hold great potential for the management of PEIs. Graphical Abstract

Therapeutic effect of marine bioactive substances against periodontitis based on in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies

“…The main goal of biomedical engineering is the development of new therapies and technologies to help, recover, and replace damaged tissue and organs without side effects (Chandika et al, 2021;Lee et al, 2020;Oh et al, 2020) Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences investigated, most studies investigated the regenerative effect of MBS on skin and bone (Chandika et al, 2021;Kim & Jung, 2019;Kim et al, 2021a;Lee et al, 2020;Oh et al, 2020;Oh et al, 2021). In this review, only 18 studies developed several biomedical applications, including film, hydrogel, nanofiber, and nanoparticles (Achmad et al, 2020a;Arslan & Kantarcioğlu, 2019;Deshpande et al, 2021;Elango et al, 2020;Gani et al, 2022;Guo et al, 2021;Hussain et al, 2022;Johnson et al, 2020;Mulawarmanti et al, 2019a;Mulawarmanti et al, 2019b;Özçelik et al, 2021;Özdoğan et al, 2021;Poornima et al, 2021;Rachmawati et al, 2021;Tang et al, 2022;Wang et al, 2020a;Xu et al, 2020;Zhou et al, 2020). The biomedical application for periodontitis is steadily investigated from 2019 to 2022.…”

“…Nine studies did not indicate information on extraction sources due to purchasing from material companies (Campana et al, 2020;Guo et al, 2021;Johnson et al, 2020;Li et al, 2021;Özdoğan et al, 2021;Ribeiro-Vidal et al, 2020;Tang et al, 2022;Xu et al, 2020;Zhou et al, 2021). One of these studies fabricated doxycycline-containing chitosan/carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles (Dox:CS/CMCS-NPs) and evaluated several biological activities, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and cell proliferative activities (Xu et al, 2020).…”

“…The developed mouthwash showed the antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects on P. gingivalis. The other study investigated whether fucoidan-derived carbon dots (FDCD) have the biological potential for periodontitis treatment (Tang et al, 2022). FDCD showed antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity against Enterococcus faecalis and induced bacterial cell leakage.…”

Ultrasmall and highly biocompatible carbon dots derived from natural plant with amelioration against acute kidney injury

“…In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), the charcoal medicine is a series of medicines prepared from natural plants by high-temperature processing [ 25 ], while current studies of the bioactivity material basis of the above medicines are still unsatisfactory. Interestingly, considerable carbon-based nanoparticles as similar as CDs were separated from charcoal medicines, with stable carbon core, small size and considerable oxygen-rich functional groups [ 26 ], providing novel treatment ideas in the cancer-related anemia [ 27 ], psoriasis [ 28 ], ischemic stroke [ 29 ], ulcerative colitis [ 30 ], anxiety [ 31 ] and antibacterial [ 32 , 33 ]. Our previous study found that CDs synthesized from Pollen Typhae (PT) [ 34 ] have excellent hemostatic activity through the control over coagulation parameters.…”

Editorial: Biomaterials with the regulation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species for biomedical applications

“…As is well-known, ROS/RNS can result in oxidative/nitrosative stress or the imbalance of redox homeostasis, damaging cellular macromolecules (e.g., lipids, protein, and DNA) and leading to the development of diseases (Patel et al, 1999;Checa and Aran, 2020). On the other hand, locally enhanced ROS/RNS can be used in the management of bacteria/virus infection and cancer (Dharmaraja, 2017;Yu et al, 2020;Tang et al, 2022). The precise regulation of ROS/ RNS in living organisms and their surrounding microenvironment plays a crucial role in the treatment of diseases as well as in tissue repair and regeneration.…”