Fucoidan But Not 2′-Fucosyllactose Inhibits Human Norovirus Replication in Zebrafish Larvae

Tan, Malcolm Turk Hsern; Li, Yan; Gorji, Mohamad Eshaghi; Gong, Zhiyuan; Li, Dan

doi:10.3390/v13030461

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…At each time point (0 day post-infection [dpi] was taken as immediately after injection) as shown in Figure 1, 10 injected embryos or larvae were pooled as one sample and proceeded to homogenization, RNA extraction and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) for hNoV GII detection. Being consistent with our previous reports (18, 19), when the viruses were injected to the zebrafish larvae (Figure 1a), low levels of hNoV below 2 log genome copies/10 larvae were recovered at 0 dpi, and a significant increase of virus genome copies (4.4 ± 0.8 log genome copies/10 larvae) were detected at 2 dpi (P < 0.05). The viral loads as detected from the zebrafish larvae started to decrease gradually from 3 dpi.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…In comparison, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae platform is more widely available at universities/research centers and is more cost effective for high-throughput studies (16)(17)(18)(19). However, high individual variances of virus levels detected from the zebrafish larvae were noticed even at the peak period of virus replication (16)(17)(18)(19). Here, we report an improvement of this model using 4 zebrafish embryos instead of zebrafish larvae resulting significantly higher efficiency and robustness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Zebrafish embryos are more efficient and robust than zebrafish larvae in evaluating human norovirus infectivity

Tan

Gong

2022

Preprint

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This study reports an essential improvement of the method for replication of human norovirus (hNoV) with the use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. With three globally prevalent hNoV genotypes and P-types GII.2[P16], GII.4[P16], and GII.17[P31], we demonstrated that this tool had high efficiency and robustness, and enabled continuous virus passaging. This tool is versatile in being applied in hNoV related research. In pathogenesis study, the zebrafish embryo generated hNoVs showed clear binding patterns to human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) in human saliva by a simple saliva-binding reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). In disinfection study, it was shown that a dose of 6 mJ/cm2UV254was able induce > 2-log reduction in hNoV infectivity for all three hNoV strains tested, suggesting that hNoVs were more UV susceptible than multiple enteric viruses and commonly used hNoV surrogates as tested before.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Zebrafish embryos are more efficient and robust than zebrafish larvae in evaluating human norovirus infectivity

Tan

Gong

2022

Preprint

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“…The evaluation of HuNoV infectivity was conducted as described previously (Tan et al, 2021). All zebrafish experiments were performed in compliance with the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee guidelines, National University of Singapore.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The globally re-emerging norovirus GII.2 manifests higher heat resistance than norovirus GII.4 and Tulane virus

Tan

Xue

Wang

et al. 2022

Journal of Applied Microbiology

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Aims To compare the heat stability of two globally prevalent human norovirus (HuNoV) strains (GII.2[P16] and GII.4[P16]) and a commonly used HuNoV surrogate, Tulane virus (TV). Methods and Results With the use of a newly developed zebrafish larvae platform, we measured the change of infectivity of HuNoV GII.2[P16] and GII.4[P16] toward mild heat treatment at 55°C for 5 min. TV was tested with the same experimental design. As a result, the virus infectivity measurement clearly indicated the higher heat resistance of HuNoV GII.2[P16] (no reduction) than GII.4[P16] (>0.8‐log TCID50 ml−1 reduction) and TV (2.5‐log TCID50 ml−1 reduction). Further exploration revealed higher virus structural stability of HuNoV GII.2 than GII.4 strains by the use of different clinical samples with different evaluation methods. Conclusion The inactivation data generated from the surrogate virus TV cannot be used directly to describe the inactivation of HuNoV. The phylogenetic classification of HuNoVs may correlate with the virus stability and/or circulation dynamics. Significance and Impact of the Study This study is expected to serve as an important reference when revisiting the numerous previous data evaluating HuNoV inactivation conditions in foods with the use of TV as the cultivable surrogate or with genuine HuNoV but using molecular methods. The higher resistance of NoV GII.2 strains than GII.4 strains toward inactivation treatment supplies a possible explanation for the global re‐emerging of NoV GII.2 epidemic in recent years.

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“…In addition, an increase in expression of several immune genes was also observed [ 34 ]. The zebrafish model has also been utilized for high throughput anti-HuNoV drug screening [ 219 , 220 ]. Of interest, a transgenic zebrafish expressing green fluorescent protein under the influence of an IFN stimulated gene promoter has been developed, providing an in vivo tracking system for viral infections [ 221 ].…”

Section: In Vivo Tools To Study Human Enteric Rna Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Methods to Study the Pathogenesis of Human Enteric RNA Viruses

Aggarwal

Hassan

Baldridge

2021

Viruses

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Every year, millions of children are infected with viruses that target the gastrointestinal tract, causing acute gastroenteritis and diarrheal illness. Indeed, approximately 700 million episodes of diarrhea occur in children under five annually, with RNA viruses norovirus, rotavirus, and astrovirus serving as major causative pathogens. Numerous methodological advancements in recent years, including the establishment of novel cultivation systems using enteroids as well as the development of murine and other animal models of infection, have helped provide insight into many features of viral pathogenesis. However, many aspects of enteric viral infections remain elusive, demanding further study. Here, we describe the different in vitro and in vivo tools available to explore different pathophysiological attributes of human enteric RNA viruses, highlighting their advantages and limitations depending upon the question being explored. In addition, we discuss key areas and opportunities that would benefit from further methodological progress.

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Fucoidan But Not 2′-Fucosyllactose Inhibits Human Norovirus Replication in Zebrafish Larvae

Cited by 12 publications

References 35 publications

Zebrafish embryos are more efficient and robust than zebrafish larvae in evaluating human norovirus infectivity

Zebrafish embryos are more efficient and robust than zebrafish larvae in evaluating human norovirus infectivity

The globally re-emerging norovirus GII.2 manifests higher heat resistance than norovirus GII.4 and Tulane virus

Experimental Methods to Study the Pathogenesis of Human Enteric RNA Viruses

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