FTIR Condition Monitoring of In-Service Lubricants: Analytical Role and Quantitative Evolution

Voort, F.R. van de

doi:10.2474/trol.17.144

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 45 publications

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“…Figure 6 shows distinct regions of the synthetic lubricant (fresh and deteriorated) and conventional lubricant (fresh and deteriorated). Different peaks at distinct wavenumbers show the presence of a specific functional group [64][65][66]. In the case of synthetic lubricants, a first narrow peak starts at nearly the 3187-3628 cm −1 wavenumbers.…”

Section: Fourier Transform Infrared (Ftir) Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Mineral Oil and CuO Mixed Synthetic Oil in Compression Ignition Engines: A Comparison of Physicochemical Attributes

Nasir,

Usman,

Malik

et al. 2023

Fire

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Mineral oil resources are depleting rapidly, and the slower conventional oil biodegradation process results in environmental pollution. To resolve this issue, cupric oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (1% wt) were introduced into a base oil to improve the lubricating capability of castor oil. In addition, 1% wt. sodium dodecyl sulfate was also blended with the base oil in order to attain the maximum dispersion stability of CuO nanoparticles in the castor oil. Afterward, thermophysical property, atomic absorption spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared radiation (FTIR) testing of the lubricant oil sample were performed before and after 100 h of engine operations at 75% throttle and 2200 rpm for each lubricant sample in order to check the capability of the novel oil with mineral oil. Compared with the natural mineral oil, the behavior of the CuO-based lubricant has essentially the same physical features, as measured according to ASTM standard methods. The physicochemical properties like (KV)40 °C, (KV)100 °C, FP, ash, and TBN decrease more in the case of the synthetic oil by 1.15, 1.11, 0.46, 1.1, and 1.2% than in the conventional oil, respectively. FTIR testing shows that the maximum peaks lie in the region of 500 to 1750 cm−1, which shows the presence of C=O, C-N, and C-Br to a maximum extent in the lubricant oil sample. AAS testing shows that the synthetic oil has 21.64, 3.23, 21.44, and 1.23% higher chromium, iron, aluminum, and zinc content. However, the copper and calcium content in the synthetic oil is 14.72 and 17.68%, respectively. It can be concluded that novel bio-lubricants can be utilized as an alternative to those applications that are powered by naturally produced mineral oil after adding suitable additives that further enhance their performance.

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Section: Fourier Transform Infrared (Ftir) Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Mineral Oil and CuO Mixed Synthetic Oil in Compression Ignition Engines: A Comparison of Physicochemical Attributes

Nasir,

Usman,

Malik

et al. 2023

Fire

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Generic Method for the Rapid and Accurate Determination of Acid Number in Lubricants Using FTIR Spectroscopy

Voort¹,

Viset

2022

Standard Guides and Practices That Support the Lubricant Condition Monitoring Industry

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A manual, stoichiometric Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) acid number (AN) method was developed for lubricants that can substitute for ASTM D664, is oil matrix-independent, and does not rely on correlational chemometrics to estimate results. The method parallels titration in principle, using oleic acid as the calibrant and sodium phenolate as the basic reactant and measuring the residual base spectrally. Split-paired sample spectra of reacted and unreacted oil are ratioed against each other to obtain differential absorbance spectra that respond proportionately to total acidity (AN) as well as its carboxylic acid (COOH) content per Beer's law. The method is generic and can be implemented on any FTIR spectrometer equipped with a conventional flow cell or open-architecture sample handling accessory at rates of up to 20 samples/h. Using macros available in two readily available software packages it automates postanalytical spectral data processing, calibrates or predicts AN and COOH content, or both, and differentiates strong from weak acids by difference via the AN and COOH measures. Predictive performance was validated using a high-AN ester-based hydraulic oil and a used biogas engine crankcase mineral oil, each of which was serially diluted with its opposing acid-free counterpart, a mineral- and ester-based oil, respectively. For these dilutions, the AN and COOH predictions were shown to be linearly proportionate, accurate (less than ± 0.10 AN), and reproducible (less than ± 0.05 AN). Quantification was unaffected by the spectral perturbations induced by diluting the validation oils with a spectrally incompatible oil, and quantitative differentiation between strong and weak acids was demonstrated. Aside from being more rapid, accurate, reproducible, and environmentally friendly than titration this FTIR approach provides for a reliable, stoichiometric, and instrument manufacturer-independent means of determining AN, reducing reliance on problematic FTIR/IR PLS-based chemometric methods that are of questionable accuracy.

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Environmentally Acceptable Lubricants for Stern Tube Application: Shear Stability and Friction Factor

Večeř,

Stavárek,

Krčková

et al. 2024

Lubricants

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Stern tube lubricants are essential in maritime operations, safeguarding ship propeller shafts from wear and corrosion while ensuring efficient propulsion. Their role in reducing friction and maintaining system integrity is critical. With growing environmental concerns, the adoption of environmentally acceptable lubricants (EALs) for stern tubes has gained importance, balancing operational performance with environmental protection. This study investigates the rheological and tribological properties of EALs formulated for ship propeller stern tube applications. The primary focus is on comparing these EALs with conventional mineral oils to assess their suitability in marine environments. EALs are increasingly favored due to their biodegradability and reduced environmental impact. Key parameters such as shear stability, friction factor, and temperature dependency were evaluated using a range of experimental methods including rotational viscometry and tribological analysis. The results indicate that the newly formulated EALs based on synthetic esters exhibit the highest viscosity index, a higher range of shear stability, and lower friction factors, compared to commercially available mineral oils, especially under varying operational conditions. These findings contribute to the ongoing efforts to promote eco-friendly lubricants in maritime industries, aligning with global environmental protection initiatives.

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FTIR Condition Monitoring of In-Service Lubricants: Analytical Role and Quantitative Evolution

Cited by 3 publications

References 45 publications

Investigation of Mineral Oil and CuO Mixed Synthetic Oil in Compression Ignition Engines: A Comparison of Physicochemical Attributes

Investigation of Mineral Oil and CuO Mixed Synthetic Oil in Compression Ignition Engines: A Comparison of Physicochemical Attributes

Generic Method for the Rapid and Accurate Determination of Acid Number in Lubricants Using FTIR Spectroscopy

Environmentally Acceptable Lubricants for Stern Tube Application: Shear Stability and Friction Factor

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