FTAP: A Linux-based program for tapping and music experiments

Finney, Steven A.

doi:10.3758/bf03195348

Cited by 74 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…The same equipment was used as in Experiment 1, except that data were collected using the FTAP program (Finney, 2001), which allowed the pianist's auditory feedback to be turned off without physically unplugging the headphones. The same musical stimuli were used as in Experiment 1, except that the stimulus with the lowest error rate was altered slightly to equate it in difficulty with the other stimuli.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Auditory feedback and memory for music performance: Sound evidence for an encoding effect

Finney

Palmer

2003

Memory & Cognition

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The equipment was identical to that used in Experiments 1 and 2. Keyboard data were collected with either the Cakewalk sequencer program or the FTAP program (Finney, 2001). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Auditory feedback and memory for music performance: Sound evidence for an encoding effect

Finney

Palmer

2003

Memory & Cognition

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“…Prior to any conditions that featured FTAP, the FTAP loop test was performed (see Finney, 2001). The FTAP loop consistently reported a 0.49-ms delay between output scheduling calls and that MIDI messages, on average, were sent and received within just over a millisecond (M = 1.01 ms, SD = 1.03 ms, range = 0 to 3 ms).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although some controllers allow the user to adjust the sensitivity of the drum pad and the threshold for what is considered to be a response, it is often difficult to obtain parameters that work for a range of response styles (i.e., from a soft through to a hard force of response). We compared the latencies of auditory feedback using the Arduino with other options that use a MIDI percussion pad to produce feedback through FTAP (Finney, 2001) or Max/MSP (Cycling '74, 2014). The Arduino is a multipurpose, low-level microcontroller that is low-cost (i.e., less than USD 30), contains a processor that can receive analog and digital inputs, and can run programs written in a flavor of the C programming language.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The C and Python codes we provide here can send the data from the Arduino either as a continuous time series that reads responses at every millisecond (1-kHz sample rate) or as response onset and offset times (with to-themillisecond precision). Other systems that record timestamps in software after input is received through USB may have lower resolutions than systems that record timestamps internally (i.e., onboard timestamps), such as the Arduino.Two MIDI-based software packages are commonly used for sensorimotor synchronization experiments: FTAP (Finney, 2001) and Max/MSP (Cycling '74, 2014). FTAP is a free, Linux-based software package that reports low latencies for providing auditory feedback when using MIDI devices.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Tap Arduino: An Arduino microcontroller for low-latency auditory feedback in sensorimotor synchronization experiments

Schultz

Vugt

2015

Behav Res

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Timing abilities are often measured by having participants tap their finger along with a metronome and presenting tap-triggered auditory feedback. These experiments predominantly use electronic percussion pads combined with software (e.g., FTAP or Max/MSP) that records responses and delivers auditory feedback. However, these setups involve unknown latencies between tap onset and auditory feedback and can sometimes miss responses or record multiple, superfluous responses for a single tap. These issues may distort measurements of tapping performance or affect the performance of the individual. We present an alternative setup using an Arduino microcontroller that addresses these issues and delivers low-latency auditory feedback. We validated our setup by having participants (N = 6) tap on a force-sensitive resistor pad connected to the Arduino and on an electronic percussion pad with various levels of force and tempi. The Arduino delivered auditory feedback through a pulse-width modulation (PWM) pin connected to a headphone jack or a wave shield component. The Arduino's PWM (M = 0.6 ms, SD = 0.3) and wave shield (M = 2.6 ms, SD = 0.3) demonstrated significantly lower auditory feedback latencies than the percussion pad (M = 9.1 ms, SD = 2.0), FTAP (M = 14.6 ms, SD = 2.8), and Max/MSP (M = 15.8 ms, SD = 3.4). The PWM and wave shield latencies were also significantly less variable than those from FTAP and Max/MSP. The Arduino missed significantly fewer taps, and recorded fewer superfluous responses, than the percussion pad. The Arduino captured all responses, whereas at lower tapping forces, the percussion pad missed more taps. Regardless of tapping force, the Arduino outperformed the percussion pad. Overall, the Arduino is a high-precision, low-latency, portable, and affordable tool for auditory experiments. Keywords Auditory feedback . Sensorimotor synchronization . Motor timing . Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) . MicrocontrollersHumans show a remarkable capacity to align motor output with sensory input. For example, most individuals can effortlessly synchronize movements with the beat of music or the sound productions of a partner. In order to understand how synchrony is achieved, participants are asked to tap their finger along with metronomic stimuli and receive tap-triggered sounds (auditory feedback; cf. Repp, 2005;Repp & Su, 2013). These sensorimotor synchronization experiments present important methodological challenges: how can auditory feedback be presented at minimal latencies (ideally, within a few of milliseconds of the tap; see Aschersleben & Prinz, 1997), and how can tap times be collected reliably (i.e., without missing taps and with accurate millisecond timing information)? We compare standard methodologies to a novel solution using an Arduino microcontroller for use in sensorimotor synchronization experiments that require recording tapping responses and presenting auditory feedback.Currently, several options exist for implementing sensorimotor synchronization experiments. Predom...

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Continuation tapping to triggered melodies: motor resonance effects of melodic motion

Ammirante

Thompson

2011

Exp Brain Res

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Common Coding theory predicts that perceived action should resonate in produced action to which it bears some resemblance. Here we show that the qualities of motion commonly attributed to melodies are instantiated in motor plans that control timed movements. Participants attempted to tap a steady beat. Each tap triggered a sounded tone, and successive tones were systematically varied in pitch to form short melodies. Tapping behavior was monitored with motion capture. Although instructed to ignore them, triggered tones systematically affected timing and finger movement. When slower melodic motion was implied by a contour change or a smaller pitch displacement, the interval-tap interval (ITI) was longer. When faster melodic motion was implied by a preserved pitch contour or a larger pitch displacement, ITI was shorter. Kinematic recordings suggested that ITI Error arose from an initial failure to disambiguate perception (i.e., velocity implied by melodic motion) from action (i.e., finger velocity [FV]). Early in the tap trajectory, slower FV was associated with longer ITI and faster FV was associated with shorter ITI. These associations were reversed near mid-trajectory, suggesting a transition from execution of motor planning to online control (Glover et al. in Exp Brain Res 154:103-108, 2004).

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FTAP: A Linux-based program for tapping and music experiments

Cited by 74 publications

References 19 publications

Auditory feedback and memory for music performance: Sound evidence for an encoding effect

Auditory feedback and memory for music performance: Sound evidence for an encoding effect

Tap Arduino: An Arduino microcontroller for low-latency auditory feedback in sensorimotor synchronization experiments

Continuation tapping to triggered melodies: motor resonance effects of melodic motion

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