FT-IR, FT-Raman spectra, density functional computations of the vibrational spectra and molecular geometry of butylated hydroxy toluene

Babu, P. Chinna; Sundaraganesan, N.; Dereli, Ömer; Türkkan, Ercan

doi:10.1016/j.saa.2011.03.034

Cited by 41 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Moreover, the band at 580 cm −1 indicated out‐of‐plane phenol ring bending. The FT‐IR spectrum of pure BHT was in accordance to those reported in the literature (Ammawath, Che Man, Abdul Rahman, & Baharin, 2006; Chinna Babu et al., 2011; Kang et al., 2018; Trivedi et al., 2015).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Figure 3 shows FT‐IR spectra (absorbance vs. wavenumber or frequency) of pure antioxidants between 400 and 4000 cm −1 . A strong peak at 3628 cm −1 (Figure 3A for pure BHT) indicated ‒OH stretching mode of vibration in a phenol ring (Chinna Babu, Sundaraganesan, Dereli, & Türkkan, 2011), while absorbance band at 3068 cm −1 was assigned to C‒H stretching vibration. Peaks at 2956 and 2872 cm −1 represented asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations of a methyl group, respectively (Trivedi et al., 2015).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Migration analysis, antioxidant, and mechanical characterization of polypropylene‐based active food packaging films loaded with BHA, BHT, and TBHQ

Fasihnia

Peighambardoust

et al. 2020

Journal of Food Science

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Polypropylene (PP) based active composite films were prepared by adding butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and tertiary butylated hydroquinone (TBHQ) antioxidants using the extrusion molding process. All concentrations of BHT, 2% to 3% BHA, and 3% TBHQ significantly increased the tensile strength (TS) of the composite films compared with control films. Increasing antioxidant concentration decreased TS values for BHT films, whereas an opposite trend was observed for BHA and TBHQ films. BHA at < 2%, BHT at > 2%, and TBHQ at all added concentrations significantly reduced elongation at break (Eb) of the composite films compared to control films. Water vapor permeability (WVP) of 1% BHT film was not significantly different from control. However, other antioxidants especially at increased concentrations significantly increased WVP values. TBHQ films with 300% to 662% increase had the highest WVP and BHT films with 5% to 81% increase had the lowest WVP among composite films. All three antioxidants had a negative effect on the transparency of the films; however the effect of BHA at higher concentrations was greater. The antioxidants did not change the color attributes of the films. Films containing all antioxidants showed 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical‐scavenging activity, which increased with increase in their concentration, especially for those containing 3 wt.% BHT and TBHQ. Overall, incorporating BHA and BHT into a PP matrix improved mechanical, barrier, antioxidant properties, and film appearance and consequently were proposed for the development of antioxidant active PP films. TBHQ film is not recommended for food packaging because of its weak mechanical properties (lower Eb and TS values, higher WVP, and greater migration).

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Migration analysis, antioxidant, and mechanical characterization of polypropylene‐based active food packaging films loaded with BHA, BHT, and TBHQ

Fasihnia

Peighambardoust

et al. 2020

Journal of Food Science

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“… 95 − 97 Additionally, the HOMO and LUMO are related to excitation energies and GAP energy ( E GAP = E LUMO – E HOMO ) in some situations can be an indicator of kinetic stability (large GAP values are associated with kinetic stability). 98 − 107 For some compounds used to preserve fuels properties, this parameter is described in the literature (toluene derivative [ E GAP = 114.1 kcal/mol], 108 butylated hydroxytoluene [ E GAP = 130.5 kcal/mol], 109 thiazolidinone [ E GAP = 115.1 kcal/mol], 110 ether molecules [ E GAP = 96.7 kcal/mol] 111 ). Note that, according to the GAP values, the molecules analyzed in this work are kinetically more stable (BH I 175.1 kcal/mol, BH II 180 kcal/mol, BH III 175.17 kcal/mol).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclohexanone-Based Chalcones as Alternatives for Fuel Additives

et al. 2022

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The use of small molecules, such as chalcones and their derivatives, for more efficient fuels is in increasing demand due to environmental factors. Here, three crystal structures (BH I , II , and III ) of cyclohexanone-based chalcones were synthesized and described by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and Hirshfeld surface analysis. The supramolecular modeling analysis on the hyperconjugative interaction energies and QTAIM analysis at the ωB97XD/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory were carried out to analyze the intermolecular interactions in the solid-state. The structure–property relationship, frontier molecular orbital, molecular electrostatic potential, and the experimental calorific value analysis show that the three compounds are a good alternative to be used as an additive for some fuels. Our findings represent a further step forward in the development of cheaper and more efficient fuel additives and pose an opportunity for further investigation on similar analogues.

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“…FTIR spectra (absorbance % vs. wavenumber or frequency) of BHT, BHA and SA at a wavenumber range of 400–4000 cm −1 are presented in Figure 3 . BHT’s characteristic absorption peaks ( Figure 3 A) were at 3628 cm −1 (O–H stretching mode of vibration in phenol ring), 3068 cm −1 (C‒H stretching), 2956 cm −1 (asymmetric vibrations of methyl group), 2872 cm −1 (symmetric stretching vibrations of methyl group), 1603 cm −1 (C=C bonds stretching), 1439 cm −1 (CH 3 bending vibrations), 1361 cm −1 (tert-butyl bending), 1230 cm −1 (in plane C‒H bending), 1151 cm −1 (in plane O‒H bending), 1026 cm −1 (-CH 3 rocking vibration), 866 and 769 cm −1 (C‒C stretching), and 580 cm −1 (out of plane phenol ring bending) [ 56 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ]. Also, FTIR analysis revealed the characteristic peaks for BHA ( Figure 3 B) at wavenumbers (cm −1 ) of 3395 (O–H bound stretching), 2952 (C‒H stretching), 1506 (phenyl ring), 414 (bending of –CH 2 adjacent to the phenyl), 1365 (bending of –CH 2 adjacent to the phenyl) and 1033 (C‒O bond stretching), and 815, 765, and 679 (bending of C=C out of plane phenol ring) [ 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Active Polypropylene-Based Films Incorporating Combined Antioxidants and Antimicrobials: Preparation and Characterization

Peighambardoust

Fasihnia

Pateiro

et al. 2021

Foods

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Development of polypropylene (PP) films incorporating antioxidant-antimicrobial agents can inhibit microbial growth and reduce undesirable deteriorating reactions and can preserve the quality of food. This study was aimed to use a combination of sorbic acid (SA), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) to provide a synergistic effect at their reduced concentrations. A Combination of the additives was more effective in enhancing mechanical properties compared to their single state in film composition. The PP-2%SA-3%BHA film (T3) had the highest tensile strength (17.9 MPa) and the lowest elongation at break (7.1%) than other films. The fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) proposed physical mixing of active additives within PP-matrix. Scanning electron microscopy showed uniform dispersion of the additives in PP-2%SA-1%BHT-1%BHA film (T4) compared to others. BHT containing films decreased the storage and loss moduli leading to weakening of film viscoelastic behaviour and reducing film melting point. The prepared active films showed higher antioxidant activity than control PP-film following an order of T4 > T2 > T3 corresponding to DPPH radical scavenging values of 89.1, 83.4 and 79.1%, respectively. All active films inhibited gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria growth. The results of this study indicated that the prepared active films possess desirable mechanical, thermal, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties enabling their use in food packaging.

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FT-IR, FT-Raman spectra, density functional computations of the vibrational spectra and molecular geometry of butylated hydroxy toluene

Cited by 41 publications

References 32 publications

Migration analysis, antioxidant, and mechanical characterization of polypropylene‐based active food packaging films loaded with BHA, BHT, and TBHQ

Migration analysis, antioxidant, and mechanical characterization of polypropylene‐based active food packaging films loaded with BHA, BHT, and TBHQ

Cyclohexanone-Based Chalcones as Alternatives for Fuel Additives

Active Polypropylene-Based Films Incorporating Combined Antioxidants and Antimicrobials: Preparation and Characterization

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