Fruits and vegetables in the Brazilian Household Budget Survey (2008–2009): carotenoid content and assessment of individual carotenoid intake

Abstract

We studied the dietary sources of carotenoids from fruit and vegetables and their intake by the Brazilian population. The β-carotene, α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin, neoxanthin, violaxanthin concentrations in raw fruits and vegetables were compiled (19 fruits, 24 vegetables, and mixed fruit and salad dishes), using data from foods collected and analyzed in Brazil, by means of HPLC-DAD. The food intake was obtained from the Food Consumption Module of the Household Budget Survey (2008-2009), recorded in 13569 households, representatives of all Brazilian regions. Vegetables contributed more to vitamin A intake than fruits (70.3% vs 21.5% retinol equivalents), raw salads, pumpkin, kale and carrot being the main contributors. The mean dietary intakes of fruits (86 g/d) and vegetables (64 g/d) did not meet the recommendation of the WHO/FAO. All food items supplied β-carotene (0.9 mg/p/d), the major contributors being kale, pumpkin and mango. β-Cryptoxanthin (0.1 mg/p/d) was mostly supplied by orange, tangerine and papaya (87.4% of its intake). Lycopene (0.7 mg /p/d) was found only in guava, watermelon and tomato. Lutein (0.8 mg/p/d), violaxanthin and neoxanthin (0.6 and 0.2 mg/p/d, respectively), were mainly supplied by green leafy vegetables and α-carotene (0.16 mg/p/d) and zeaxanthin (0.06 mg/p/d) by a small number of foods.

An Overview of Carotenoids, Apocarotenoids, and Vitamin A in Agro‐Food, Nutrition, Health, and Disease

“…[51,52] For example, apo-6 -, apo-8 -, apo-10 -, apo-12 -, and apo-14 -lycopenals have been detected in tomato, red grapefruit, and watermelon product, typically at Table 1. Sources of the main carotenoids found in humans [1,14,17,36,[39][40][41] and daily intakes ranges found in the literature as adapted from refs. [1,42].…”

Dietary Consumption of Lutein and Zeaxanthin in Panama: A Cross-Sectional Study

“…In spite of this, the consumption obtained was higher for both phytochemicals when compared with developing countries. In a study conducted in Brazil, it was observed that the mean intake of lutein from fruit and vegetables was 0.8 mg/d and for zeaxanthin, 0.06 mg/d ( 17 ). Likewise, it was higher than that reported in a study conducted in Cuba, in which the authors observed a mean lutein consumption of 0.79 mg/d and for zeaxanthin, 0.12 mg/d ( 9 ).…”

Dietary fibre: eating habits and knowledge in different regions of the globe

“…In Argentina the maximum number of fruit pieces (or doses) is lower when compared to Portugal or Hungary, although the minimum is in all cases zero, which is preoccupying, given the importance of fruits in the diet. It is well known that vegetables and fruits are much important in the diet, not only because they are the source of DF, but also because they provide vitamins, minerals and many bioactive compounds like phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity (Bhatt, Rawat, Badhani, & Rawal, 2017; Ozkan, Ucar, Szűcs, V. , & Ozturk, 2016;Vargas-Murga, de Rosso, Mercadante, & Olmedilla-Alonso, 2016). As to the most frequent answer, it was 7 in Argentina, thus meaning the consumption of fruit only once a day, while in Portugal that doubles to 14, i.e., twice a day.…”