Fruit Crop Phytoplasmas

Fiore, Nicola; Bertaccini, Assunta; Bianco, P.A.; Cieślińska, M.; Ferretti, L.; Hoat, Trinh Xuan; Quaglino, F.

doi:10.1007/978-981-13-0119-3_6

Cited by 19 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 200 publications

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“…P. pyri´ belong to the same 16SrX group, their pathogenicity is quite different in their respective host plants Malus domestica (apple), Prunus persica (peach) and Pyrus communis (pear). Apple trees can survive a phytoplasma infection for decades, whereas phytoplasma-infected peach and pear trees often die after a few years and sometimes even after a few weeks (quick decline of pear) [ 3 , 4 , 9 , 46 , 47 ]. This indicates a higher tolerance resulting in better survival rate for phytoplasma-infected apple compared with pear and peach; however, the underlying reason is not known yet.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fruit tree diseases apple proliferation (AP), pear decline (PD) and European stone fruit yellows (ESFY), are of high economic significance, causing annual crop losses of around half a billion Euro in Europe, alone [ 1 , 2 ]. Intra- and interspecific differences in the response of fruit trees to these phytoplasma diseases have been observed over the last decades under both experimental and natural infection conditions [ 3 , 4 ]. Intraspecific differences have been explained by varying susceptibility of tree species and genotypes (rootstocks and cultivars) to phytoplasmas as well as virulence of phytoplasma strains [ 5 – 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Specialized 16SrX phytoplasmas induce diverse morphological and physiological changes in their respective fruit crops

et al. 2021

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The host-pathogen combinations—Malus domestica (apple)/`Candidatus Phytoplasma mali´, Prunus persica (peach)/`Ca. P. prunorum´ and Pyrus communis (pear)/`Ca. P. pyri´ show different courses of diseases although the phytoplasma strains belong to the same 16SrX group. While infected apple trees can survive for decades, peach and pear trees die within weeks to few years. To this date, neither morphological nor physiological differences caused by phytoplasmas have been studied in these host plants. In this study, phytoplasma-induced morphological changes of the vascular system as well as physiological changes of the phloem sap and leaf phytohormones were analysed and compared with non-infected plants. Unlike peach and pear, infected apple trees showed substantial reductions in leaf and vascular area, affecting phloem mass flow. In contrast, in infected pear mass flow and physicochemical characteristics of phloem sap increased. Additionally, an increased callose deposition was detected in pear and peach leaves but not in apple trees in response to phytoplasma infection. The phytohormone levels in pear were not affected by an infection, while in apple and peach trees concentrations of defence- and stress-related phytohormones were increased. Compared with peach and pear trees, data from apple suggest that the long-lasting morphological adaptations in the vascular system, which likely cause reduced sap flow, triggers the ability of apple trees to survive phytoplasma infection. Some phytohormone-mediated defences might support the tolerance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Specialized 16SrX phytoplasmas induce diverse morphological and physiological changes in their respective fruit crops

et al. 2021

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“…Phytoplasma prunorum' (16SrX-F) is the major and economically most important phytoplasma affecting plum (Prunus domestica) in Europe. This phytoplasma also induces economically significant damages on Japanese plum trees and represents one of the major limiting factors of plum production in Mediterranean countries (Fiore et al 2018). In temperate areas of South America, different phytoplasmas affecting stone fruit trees have been reported (Quiroga et al 2018;Fernández et al 2013Fernández et al , 2017 however; to our knowledge, there has been no reports of infections in plum.…”

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confidence: 98%

‘Ca. Phytoplasma pruni’ and ‘Ca. Phytoplasma meliae’ are affecting plum in Argentina

Bongiorno

Alessio

Curzel

et al. 2020

Australasian Plant Dis. Notes

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We report for the first time the presence of phytoplasmas in association with Plum (Prunus domestica) yellowing in Argentina. Molecular analysis of 16S rDNA gene sequence (RFLP, phylogeny) reveals the existence of two different 16Sr-subgroups, 16SrIII-B and novel 16SrXIII-L. These results contribute to a better understanding of the diversity of phytoplasmas associated with Prunus genera in South America.

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“…P. pyri belong to the same 16SrX group their pathogenicity is quite different in their respective host plants Malus domestica (apple), Prunus persica(peach) and Pyrus communis (pear). Apple trees can survive a phytoplasma infection for decades whereas phytoplasma-infected peach and pear trees often die after some weeks (quick decline of pear) to a few years (Fiore et al, 2019;Marcone et al, 2010;Marcone & Rao 2019;Seemüller et al, 1986Seemüller et al, , 2018. This indicates that the M. domestica / Ca.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Intra-and interspecific differences in the response of fruit trees to phytoplasma diseases have been observed over the last decades under both experimental and natural infection conditions (Fiore et al, 2019;Marcone & Rao, 2019). However, only few studies provide firm data on host response, host-pathogen interaction and on anatomical, physiological and molecular basis of resistance (Seemuller & Harries, 2010), which is still poorly understood (Marcone & Rao, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological and physiological adaptations in the vascular system of infected fruit trees provide tolerance against phytoplasma diseases

et al.

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The host-pathogen combinations -Malus domestica (apple)/ Candidatus Phytoplasma mali , Prunus persica (peach)/'Ca. P. prunorum and Pyrus communis (pear)/'Ca. P. pyri show different course of diseases although the phytoplasma strains belong to the same 16SrX group. While infected apple trees can survive for decades, peach and pear trees die within some weeks to few years period. So far, in these phytoplasma-plant interactions neither morphological nor physiological differences have been studied in the hosts. Phytoplasma-induced morphological changes of the vascular system as well as physiological changes of the phloem sap and leaf phytohormones were analysed and compared with non-infected plants. Unlike peach and pear, infected apple trees showed substantial reductions in leaf and vascular morphology, causing negative effects on phloem mass flow. In contrast, in pear mass flow and physicochemical characteristics of phloem sap increased. No changes in phytohormone levels were detected in pear but in apple and peach trees, where defence-and stress-related phytohormones increased. If compared with peach and pear trees, the data from apple suggest that the long-lasting morphological adaptations in the vascular system, which likely cause reduced sap flow, triggers the ability of apple trees to survive phytoplasma infection. Some phytohormone-mediated defences might support the tolerance.

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Fruit Crop Phytoplasmas

Cited by 19 publications

References 200 publications

Specialized 16SrX phytoplasmas induce diverse morphological and physiological changes in their respective fruit crops

Specialized 16SrX phytoplasmas induce diverse morphological and physiological changes in their respective fruit crops

‘Ca. Phytoplasma pruni’ and ‘Ca. Phytoplasma meliae’ are affecting plum in Argentina

Morphological and physiological adaptations in the vascular system of infected fruit trees provide tolerance against phytoplasma diseases

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