Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus

Leroy, Eric M.; Kumulungui, Brice; Pourrut, Xavier; Rouquet, Pierre; Hassanin, Alexandre; Yaba, Philippe; Delicat, André; Pawęska, Janusz T.; Gonzalez, Jean‐Paul; Swanepoel, Robert

doi:10.1038/438575a

Cited by 1,383 publications

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“…Bats are thought to have an important role in the maintenance of filoviruses in nature, but which bat species carry filoviruses and whether other species are involved are unknown 1,2 . Historical filovirus outbreaks originated in Central Africa and ranged in size from a few to more than 400 cases; these outbreaks were reasonably well controlled by quarantine and contact tracing.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-exposure treatments for Ebola and Marburg virus infections

Cross

Mire

Feldmann

et al. 2018

Nat Rev Drug Discov

107

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| The filoviruses -Ebola virus and Marburg virus -cause lethal haemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates (NHPs). Filoviruses present a global health threat both as naturally acquired diseases and as potential agents of bioterrorism. In the recent 2013-2016 outbreak of Ebola virus, the most promising therapies for post-exposure use with demonstrated efficacy in the gold-standard NHP models of filovirus disease were unable to show statistically significant protection in patients infected with Ebola virus. This Review briefly discusses these failures and what has been learned from these experiences, and summarizes the current status of post-exposure medical countermeasures in development, including antibodies, small interfering RNA and small molecules. We outline how our current knowledge could be applied to the identification of novel interventions and ways to use interventions more effectively. R E V I E W SNATURE REVIEWS | DRUG DISCOVERY VOLUME 17 | JUNE 2018 | 413 © 2 0 1 8 M a c m i l l a n P u b l i s h e r s L i m i t e d , p a r t o f S p r i n g e r N a t u r e . A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d . AstheniaMuscular weakness. MyalgiaMuscular pain. ArthralgiaJoint pain. LeukopeniaA condition of having a low number of circulating leukocytes, including neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. LymphocytopeniaA condition of having a low number of circulating leukocytes, including natural killer cells, T cells and B cells. ThrombocytopeniaA condition of having a low number of circulating thrombocytes, also known as platelets.and Ebolavirus. The Marburgvirus genus contains a single species, Marburg marburgvirus, which contains two members, Marburg virus (MARV) and Ravn virus (RAVV). The Ebolavirus genus consists of five distinct species: Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BDBV), Reston ebolavirus (RESTV), Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV), Tai Forest ebolavirus (TAFV; previously termed 'Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus' but more commonly known as 'Ivory Coast ebolavirus') and Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV). MARV, RAVV, BDBV, SUDV and EBOV are important human pathogens, with case fatality rates often up to 90% for MARV, RAVV and EBOV, and around 55% for SUDV 8,10 . On the basis of two small outbreaks in 2007 and 2012, BDBV seems to be the least pathogenic, with a case fatality rate of about 40-48% 11,12 . In 1994, TAFV was associated with a number of deaths in chimpanzees and a single symptomatic but non-lethal human infection in the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire 13,14 . RESTV is lethal for macaques but is not thought to cause disease in humans 15 . An outbreak of RESTV was reported in pigs in the Philippines in 2008; however, it remains uncertain whether the disease observed in the pigs was caused by RESTV or other agents reported to have co-infected the animals 16 . Clinical manifestationsClinical and laboratory signs of disease caused by filovirus infection are nonspecific and usually associated with an incubation period of 2-21 days (mean 4-10 days) 8,17 . Illness begins with an abrupt onset of fever, astheni...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-exposure treatments for Ebola and Marburg virus infections

Cross

Mire

Feldmann

et al. 2018

Nat Rev Drug Discov

107

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“…Studies of ZEBOV have identified bats as potentially being among the natural hosts for ebolaviruses 87 , and epidemiological evidence for MARV is also consistent with bats being the wildlife reservoirs of these viruses. The impact of these viruses on individual bats and bat populations is relatively unknown, but the consequences of filoviral infections in humans and non-human primates can be devastating: an acute disease with human mortality rates as high as 89% for sizeable outbreaks of either ZEBOV 88 or MARV 89 .…”

Section: Box 1 | Filovirus-disease Basicsmentioning

confidence: 85%

How Ebola and Marburg viruses battle the immune system

2007

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PantropicTending towards the capacity to infect a wide range of cells and organs. CoagulopathyRefers to a group of conditions of the blood-clotting system in which bleeding is prolonged and excessive. Cell tropismA virus's affinity for or tendency towards preferential infection of certain cells. How Ebola and Marburg viruses battle the immune systemMansour Mohamadzadeh* ‡ , Lieping Chen ‡ , and Alan L. Schmaljohn* Abstract | The filoviruses Ebola and Marburg have emerged in the past decade from relative obscurity to serve now as archetypes for some of the more intriguing and daunting challenges posed by such agents. Public imagination is captured by deadly outbreaks of these viruses and reinforced by the specter of bioterrorism. As research on these agents has accelerated, it has been found increasingly that filoviruses use a combination of familiar and apparently new ways to baffle and battle the immune system. Filoviruses have provided thereby a new lens through which to examine the immune system itself. R E V I E W S Report Documentation PageForm Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.

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“…EBOV, SUDV, TAFV, and BDBV are known to spillover from wildlife and cause EVD in humans, while RESTV is not considered to be a human pathogen (Judson et al 2016). Three species of fruit bats have been found to be polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive for EBOV (Leroy et al 2005), while other animals have been implicated as secondary hosts (Olival and Hayman 2014). These putative reservoir and secondary host species are present in Cameroon (Leroy et al 2005).…”

Section: Ebola Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three species of fruit bats have been found to be polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive for EBOV (Leroy et al 2005), while other animals have been implicated as secondary hosts (Olival and Hayman 2014). These putative reservoir and secondary host species are present in Cameroon (Leroy et al 2005). Serosurveys have found humans seropositive for filoviruses in Cameroon, predominantly those living in southern tropical rainforest (Gonzalez et al 1989;Kuhn 2008).…”

Section: Ebola Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%