Fruit and vegetable intake and smoking cessation

Abstract

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:In cohort studies, fruit and vegetable (F&V) intake is associated with lower cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Former smokers often have a higher F&V intake than current smokers. If a high intake of F&V precedes smoking cessation, the latter may explain the favorable association between F&V intake and CVD among smokers. The objective was to assess whether higher F&V intake precedes smoking cessation. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The study population comprised 1056 male smokers from Lille (France) and Belfast (Northern Ireland) aged 50-59 years on inclusion in 1991. At baseline, participants completed self-administered questionnaires related to smoking habits, demographic, socioeconomic factors and diet. At the 10-year follow-up, smoking habits were assessed by mailed questionnaire. RESULTS: After 10 years, 590 out of 1056 smokers had quit smoking (70.7% of smoker in Lille and 37.8% in Belfast). After adjusting for center, consumption of F&V was associated with quitting (odds ratio (OR) for high versus low F&V intake: 1.73; 95% confidence interval (CI): (1.22-2.45); P-trend ¼ 0.002). After further adjustment for sociodemographic factors, body mass index and medical diet, the association was still statistically significant (OR: 1.59; 95% CI (1.12-2.27); P-trend ¼ 0.01). In a model fully adjusted for age, smoking intensity, alcohol consumption and physical activity, the association was no longer significant (P ¼ 0.14). CONCLUSIONS: Higher F&V intake precedes smoking cessation. Hence, smoking cessation could affect the causal interpretation of the association between F&V and CVD in smokers.

No association between adherence to the healthy Nordic food index and cardiovascular disease amongst Swedish women: a cohort study

“…This finding could be attributed to the lack of detailed information on smoking habits in former smokers, which might involve residual confounding. Smoking cessation has been found to be associated with dietary changes towards a healthier lifestyle, including an increase in fruit and vegetable consumption before smoking cessation . In the present study, the participants in this category had already stopped smoking before study initiation, but they might have continued to improve their diet even after having answered the baseline FFQ, thus reducing their risk of CVD more than the other two groups, in which dietary changes may have been less marked and more random.…”

Association between Smoking Status and Food and Nutrient Consumption in Japanese: a Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study

“…Third, psychiatric disorders were considered for relationships because of being related to smoking (Wilhelm et al, 2003;Leon and Diaz, 2005;Shinozaki et al, 2011). Psychiatric disorders are also increasing globally (Murray et al, 2012) as an important public health issue, but have not been considered previously (Poisson et al, 2012;Vlassopoulos et al, 2013).…”

“…Thus, an effect on the past or present history of psychiatric disorder is needed to be considered, and PS levels are also needed to be investigated along with SS is investigated. Until now, however, psychiatric disorders and PS have not been taken into account yet (Poisson et al, 2012;Vlassopoulos et al, 2013). Therefore, in the present study, we examined the association between SS and dietary consumption of foods and nutrients in a large-scale cross-sectional study in Japan profoundly, excluding the subjects with psychiatric disorders and considering self-reported psychological stress (SRPS) as one of confounding factors.…”

Self-management practices of smokers with asthma and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cross-sectional survey

“…However, smokers may be less engaged in their self-care, perhaps even avoiding preventive and wellness services such as vaccinations. This is evident as an association between active smoking and low adoption of health promoting behaviors, such as balanced eating and exercise, are found in the literature [15,29]. One study even attributed such behavioral differences to varying personality types with smokers being more impulsive, less agreeable, and less cooperative than nonsmokers [2].…”