Fructose and glucose co-ingestion during prolonged exercise increases lactate and glucose fluxes and oxidation compared with an equimolar intake of glucose

Lecoultre, Virgile; Benoit, R.; Carrel, Guillaume; Schütz, Y.; Millet, Grégoire P.; Tappy, Luc; Schneiter, Philippe

doi:10.3945/ajcn.2010.29566

Cited by 76 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Higher circulating lactate concentrations are very likely due to the fructose component of sucrose, the majority of which is converted to lactate and glucose on bypassing the liver. Glucose-fructose coingestion during exercise has been shown to increase plasma lactate and glucose turnover and oxidation, with a minimal amount of fructose being directly oxidized (24). The greater whole body carbohydrate utilization rate following sucrose ingestion is therefore likely attributed to a combination of (greater) plasma lactate, glucose, and (to a lesser extent) fructose oxidation rates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ingestion of glucose or sucrose prevents liver but not muscle glycogen depletion during prolonged endurance-type exercise in trained cyclists

Gonzalez

Fuchs

Smith

et al. 2015

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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Cermak NM, van Loon LJ. Ingestion of glucose or sucrose prevents liver but not muscle glycogen depletion during prolonged endurance-type exercise in trained cyclists. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 309: E1032-E1039, 2015. First published October 20, 2015; doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00376.2015.-The purpose of this study was to define the effect of glucose ingestion compared with sucrose ingestion on liver and muscle glycogen depletion during prolonged endurance-type exercise. Fourteen cyclists completed two 3-h bouts of cycling at 50% of peak power output while ingesting either glucose or sucrose at a rate of 1.7 g/min (102 g/h). Four cyclists performed an additional third test for reference in which only water was consumed. We employed 13 C magnetic resonance spectroscopy to determine liver and muscle glycogen concentrations before and after exercise. Expired breath was sampled during exercise to estimate whole body substrate use. After glucose and sucrose ingestion, liver glycogen levels did not show a significant decline after exercise (from 325 Ϯ 168 to 345 Ϯ 205 and 321 Ϯ 177 to 348 Ϯ 170 mmol/l, respectively; P Ͼ 0.05), with no differences between treatments. Muscle glycogen concentrations declined (from 101 Ϯ 49 to 60 Ϯ 34 and 114 Ϯ 48 to 67 Ϯ 34 mmol/l, respectively; P Ͻ 0.05), with no differences between treatments. Whole body carbohydrate utilization was greater with sucrose (2.03 Ϯ 0.43 g/min) vs. glucose (1.66 Ϯ 0.36 g/min; P Ͻ 0.05) ingestion. Both liver (from 454 Ϯ 33 to 283 Ϯ 82 mmol/l; P Ͻ 0.05) and muscle (from 111 Ϯ 46 to 67 Ϯ 31 mmol/l; P Ͻ 0.01) glycogen concentrations declined during exercise when only water was ingested. Both glucose and sucrose ingestion prevent liver glycogen depletion during prolonged endurance-type exercise. Sucrose ingestion does not preserve liver glycogen concentrations more than glucose ingestion. However, sucrose ingestion does increase whole body carbohydrate utilization compared with glucose ingestion. This trial was registered at https://www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02110836.glucose; hepatic glycogen; metabolism; nutrition; sucrose CARBOHYDRATE AND FAT are the main substrates oxidized during moderate-intensity, endurance-type exercise (41). In the fasted state, muscle glycogen and plasma glucose are predominant sources of carbohydrate for oxidation (41), the latter continuously replenished by glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis from the liver, with smaller contributions from the kidneys and intestine (30). Consequently, in the absence of carbohydrate consumption, liver and muscle glycogen concentrations decrease by 40 -60% within 90 min of exercise at a workload of 70% of peak oxygen uptake (V O 2 peak ) (6, 37). Given the importance of liver glycogen for metabolic regulation (16), and the close relationship between liver glycogen content and exercise tolerance (6), it is important to understand the impact of carbohydrate ingestion on liver glycogen depletion during exercise.Carbohydrate feeding during prolonged (Ͼ2 h) moderate-to high-intensity, endurance-type exercise e...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ingestion of glucose or sucrose prevents liver but not muscle glycogen depletion during prolonged endurance-type exercise in trained cyclists

Gonzalez

Fuchs

Smith

et al. 2015

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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“…Following the metabolism of fructose to triose-P, the precise metabolic route of its carbons to glycogen remains unclear. Under both physiological and in vitro conditions, a surge of lactate levels has been reported following acute fructose administration (17,18,23). Based on this, the proposed conversion of fructose to glycogen involved its initial conversion to lactate, followed by indirect pathway utilization of lactate to glycogen (4).…”

Section: Effects Of Dietary Fructose On Glycogenesis From Glucosementioning

confidence: 99%

²H enrichment distribution of hepatic glycogen from²H₂O reveals the contribution of dietary fructose to glycogen synthesis

Delgado

Martins

Carvalho

et al. 2013

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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Delgado TC, Martins FO, Carvalho F, Gonçalves A, Scott DK, O'Doherty R, Macedo MP, Jones JG.2 H enrichment distribution of hepatic glycogen from 2 H2O reveals the contribution of dietary fructose to glycogen synthesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 304: E384 -E391, 2013. First published December 4, 2012; doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00185.2012.-Dietary fructose can benefit or hinder glycemic control, depending on the quantity consumed, and these contrasting effects are reflected by alterations in postprandial hepatic glycogen synthesis. Recently, we showed that 2 H enrichment of glycogen positions 5 and 2 from deuterated water ( 2 H2O) informs direct and indirect pathway contributions to glycogenesis in naturally feeding rats. Inclusion of position 6S 2 H enrichment data allows indirect pathway sources to be further resolved into triose phosphate and Krebs cycle precursors. This analysis was applied to six rats that had fed on standard chow (SC) and six rats that had fed on SC plus 35% sucrose in their drinking water (HS). After 2 wk, hepatic glycogenesis sources during overnight feeding were determined by 2 H2O administration and postmortem analysis of glycogen 2 H enrichment at the conclusion of the dark period. Net overnight hepatic glycogenesis was similar between SC and HS rodents. Whereas direct pathway contributions were similar (403 Ϯ 71 mol/g dry wt HS vs. 578 Ϯ 76 mol/g dry wt SC), triose phosphate contributions were significantly higher for HS compared with SC (382 Ϯ 61 vs. 87 Ϯ 24 mol/g dry wt, P Ͻ 0.01) and Krebs cycle inputs lower for HS compared with SC (110 Ϯ 9 vs. 197 Ϯ 32 mol/g dry wt, P Ͻ 0.05). Analysis of plasma glucose 2 H enrichments at the end of the feeding period also revealed a significantly higher fractional contribution of triose phosphate to plasma glucose levels in HS vs. SC. Hence, the 2 H enrichment distributions of hepatic glycogen and glucose from 2 H2O inform the contribution of dietary fructose to hepatic glycogen and glucose synthesis. deuterated water; direct and indirect pathways; fructose; hepatic glycogen; sucrose DIETARY FRUCTOSE CAN SIGNIFICANTLY BENEFIT (20, 21) or substantially hinder (7, 10, 30) glycemic control, depending on the quantity consumed, and these contrasting effects are reflected by alterations in postprandial hepatic glycogen synthesis. Low levels of dietary fructose activate glucokinase, thereby promoting direct pathway conversion of glucose into glycogen and enhancing net hepatic glucose uptake (19). In contrast, high fructose intake is characterized by its unregulated conversion into triose phosphates (triose-P) that in turn promote excessive gluconeogenic and lipogenic fluxes (5, 30). In the postprandial state, triose-P fluxes can also support high indirect pathway fluxes of glycogen synthesis competing with glycogenesis from glucose, thereby reducing net hepatic glucose uptake. Therefore, the contributions of dietary fructose and glucose to hepatic glycogen synthesis fluxes inform the distinction between catalytic levels of dietary fructose that are benefic...

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“…For instance, fructose is predominantly metabolized in the liver following intestinal absorption (Delarue et al, 1993) and this might reduce the requirement for and/or inhibit hepatic glucose uptake (Blom et al, 1987) and thus more glucose liberated from sucrose hydrolysis would be available for muscle glycogen. In addition, the predominant metabolism of fructose in the liver has in various contexts (e.g., rest, during exercise) been shown to contribute substantially to systemic blood glucose and lactate production (Delarue et al, 1993;Jandrain et al, 1993;Lecoultre et al, 2010), which directly or indirectly (i.e., lactate, via gluconeogenesis) could be used to synthesize muscle glycogen. Furthermore, liver glycogen turnover has been shown to occur even in the face of net liver glycogen synthesis (Magnusson et al, 1994), and therefore the potential on-going contribution of liver glucose production to muscle glycogen concentration should not be discounted.…”

Section: Postexercise Muscle Glycogen With Sucrose Versus Other Carbomentioning

confidence: 99%

Is There a Specific Role for Sucrose in Sports and Exercise Performance?

Wallis¹,

Wittekind²

2013

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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The consumption of carbohydrate before, during, and after exercise is a central feature of the athlete's diet, particularly those competing in endurance sports. Sucrose is a carbohydrate present within the diets of athletes. Whether sucrose, by virtue of its component monosaccharides glucose and fructose, exerts a meaningful advantage for athletes over other carbohydrate types or blends is unclear. This narrative reviews the literature on the influence of sucrose, relative to other carbohydrate types, on exercise performance or the metabolic factors that may underpin exercise performance. Inference from the research to date suggests that sucrose appears to be as effective as other highly metabolizable carbohydrates (e.g., glucose, glucose polymers) in providing an exogenous fuel source during endurance exercise, stimulating the synthesis of liver and muscle glycogen during exercise recovery and improving endurance exercise performance. Nonetheless, gaps exist in our understanding of the metabolic and performance consequences of sucrose ingestion before, during, and after exercise relative to other carbohydrate types or blends, particularly when more aggressive carbohydrate intake strategies are adopted. While further research is recommended and discussed in this review, based on the currently available scientific literature it would seem that sucrose should continue to be regarded as one of a variety of options available to help athletes achieve their specific carbohydrate-intake goals.

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Fructose and glucose co-ingestion during prolonged exercise increases lactate and glucose fluxes and oxidation compared with an equimolar intake of glucose

Cited by 76 publications

References 50 publications

Ingestion of glucose or sucrose prevents liver but not muscle glycogen depletion during prolonged endurance-type exercise in trained cyclists

Ingestion of glucose or sucrose prevents liver but not muscle glycogen depletion during prolonged endurance-type exercise in trained cyclists

²H enrichment distribution of hepatic glycogen from²H₂O reveals the contribution of dietary fructose to glycogen synthesis

Is There a Specific Role for Sucrose in Sports and Exercise Performance?

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Fructose and glucose co-ingestion during prolonged exercise increases lactate and glucose fluxes and oxidation compared with an equimolar intake of glucose

Cited by 76 publications

References 50 publications

Ingestion of glucose or sucrose prevents liver but not muscle glycogen depletion during prolonged endurance-type exercise in trained cyclists

Ingestion of glucose or sucrose prevents liver but not muscle glycogen depletion during prolonged endurance-type exercise in trained cyclists

2H enrichment distribution of hepatic glycogen from2H2O reveals the contribution of dietary fructose to glycogen synthesis

Is There a Specific Role for Sucrose in Sports and Exercise Performance?

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²H enrichment distribution of hepatic glycogen from²H₂O reveals the contribution of dietary fructose to glycogen synthesis