“…2D porcine duodenal enteroids were seeded onto 24-well plates. Cells were then treated for 30 min with TNFα (50 ng/mL) [ 23 ] with or without piperine (8 μg/mL or 20 μg/mL), followed by 1-h fixation with 4% paraformaldehyde, washing with PBS, and 1-h blocking and permeabilization with 0.1% Triton X-100 and 1% bovine serum albumin in PBS. Fixed cells were incubated overnight with rabbit NF-κB p65 antibody (catalog number D14E12, cell signaling, Danvers, MA, USA), washed with PBS, incubated for an hour with Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H + L) Highly Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 488 (catalog number A-11034, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), and counterstained for 10 min with Hoechst (catalog number H3570, Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA) for nuclear staining.…”