Frost Resistance in Insects

Asahina, Éizo

doi:10.1016/s0065-2806(08)60109-5

Cited by 145 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Scholander and collaborators (25) studied the respiratory metabolism of five species of vascular plants and one chironomid larva under freezing conditions and found a direct logarithmic relationship with temperature below the freezing point. Similar relationships have been found in supercooled and frozen insects (1,23) and intertidal animals (14). However, even if the shape of O 2 consumption and CO 2 release responses to temperature are alike, the slope is generally far stronger for frozen individuals.…”

supporting

confidence: 73%

The respiratory metabolism of a lizard (Lacerta vivipara) in supercooled and frozen states

Voituron¹,

Verdier²,

Grenot³

2002

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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Voituron, Yann, Bruno Verdier, and Claude Grenot. The respiratory metabolism of a lizard (Lacerta vivipara) in supercooled and frozen states. Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 283: R181-R186, 2002; 10.1152/ajpregu.00378.2001.-We investigated the respiratory metabolism of the overwintering lizard Lacerta vivipara while in either supercooled or frozen states. With a variable pressure and volume microrespirometer and a chromatograph, we show that the oxygen consumption of the supercooled animals showed a nonlinear relationship with temperature and an aerobic metabolism demand between 0.5 and Ϫ1.5°C. A significant increase in the respiratory quotient (RQ) values indicated an increasing contribution by the anaerobic pathways with decreasing temperature. In the frozen state, two phases are easily detectable and are probably linked to the ice formation within the body. During the first 5-6 h, the animals showed an oxygen consumption of 3.52 Ϯ 0.28 l ⅐ g Ϫ1 ⅐ h Ϫ1 and a RQ value of 0.52 Ϯ 0.09. In contrast, after ice equilibrium, oxygen consumption decreased sharply (0.55 Ϯ 0.09 l ⅐ g Ϫ1 ⅐ h Ϫ1 ) and the RQ values increased (2.49 Ϯ 0.65). The present study confirms the fact that supercooled invertebrates and vertebrates respond differently to subzero temperatures, in terms of aerobic metabolism, and it shows that aerobic metabolism persists under freezing conditions. oxygen consumption; anaerobiosis; respiratory quotient; Lacertidae MOST TEMPERATE ECTOTHERMS avoid subfreezing temperatures by migration or by using insulated hibernacula. However, some species, particularly terrestrial hibernators (i.e., certain amphibians, reptiles, and insects), have developed specific physiological mechanisms that allow them to evade cold injuries even during Arctic winter. The cold-hardiness strategies of such animals can be divided into two main groups: freeze tolerance, in which the animal endures the conversion of a fraction of its body water into ice; and freeze avoidance, in which the animal prevents crystallization (i.e., remaining in a metastable supercooled state) and preserves the liquid state of body fluids even at very low temperatures.Organs such as the lungs, heart, and liver are strongly affected by these two different strategies:freezing induces a cessation of heart activity and circulation, imposing an anoxic state on tissue cells (19). In contrast, in the supercooled state, the heart continues to beat even if the rate of contraction changes with temperature (3), and the lungs remain functional even if anaerobic metabolism takes on greater importance as temperature decreases (12).To compare the metabolic balance (anaerobic vs. aerobic metabolism) under these two physiological states, we focused our study on O 2 consumption and CO 2 release during cooling, supercooling, and freezing states. In fact, it is well known that the gas exchange rate in ectotherms is strongly dependent on environmental conditions and the physiological state of the animal (7, 24), but few studies have assessed the gas flux in these...

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supporting

confidence: 73%

The respiratory metabolism of a lizard (Lacerta vivipara) in supercooled and frozen states

Voituron¹,

Verdier²,

Grenot³

2002

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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“…Some authors have reported that cold tolerance is closely associated with diapause (Asahina, 1966;Wyatt, 1967;de Wilde, 1970;Mansingh, 1974;Tauber et al, 1986;Saunders and Hayware, 1998), while others reported that it is independent of diapause (Salt, 1961;Baust and Miller, 1970;Nordin et al, 1984;Tanaka, 1997) although Denlinger (1991) accepted both possibilities. For example, the cold tolerance of the barnyard grass stem borer Enosima leucotaeniella is not associated with diapause because its diapause is terminated in November, before low temperatures occur in the winter (Goto et al, 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of low temperatures on diapause and non-diapause larvae of the pine caterpillar, Dendrolimus tabulaeformis Tsai et Liu (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)

Ren

Yardim

et al. 2005

Appl. Entomol. Zool.

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Some effects of low temperatures on diapause and non-diapause larvae of the pine caterpillar, Dendrolimus tabulaeformis Tsai et Liu (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae), were investigated in laboratory experiments. The results indicated that diapause larvae had higher survival rates than non-diapause larvae at earlier stages of exposure to the low temperatures (Ϫ10, Ϫ17 and Ϫ21°C). In general, the larvae lives were shorter when they were exposed to the lower temperatures. Exposure to chilling at 0°C (cold pulse) in advance increased the survival rate of larvae when they were exposed to Ϫ10°C, and the survival rate increased with the length of cold pulse (doubled at 50 min). No larvae could survive after the 50th day of daily exposure to Ϫ10°C for 1 h followed by exposure to 27Ϯ1°C for 23 h. The water contents of diapause and non-diapause larvae differed significantly, and the super-cooling points (SCPs) of non-diapause larvae were significantly higher than those of diapause larvae.

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“…Although there are many excellent reviews on the subject (e.g. Asahina, 1969;Bale, 2002;Block, 1982a;Denlinger and Lee, 2010;Lee, 1991;Salt, 1961;Sinclair et al, 2003b;Zachariassen, 1985), a unified summary of the methods and approaches used in insect cold tolerance is not available. Nevertheless, although care must be taken in the design and interpretation of experiments, measuring insect performance at low temperatures is by no means arcane, and many measurements require no specialist equipment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An invitation to measure insect cold tolerance: Methods, approaches, and workflow

Sinclair

Alvarado

Ferguson

2015

Journal of Thermal Biology

297

326

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Insect performance is limited by the temperature of the environment, and in temperate, polar, and alpine regions, the majority of insects must face the challenge of exposure to low temperatures. The physiological response to cold exposure shapes the ability of insects to survive and thrive in these environments, and can be measured, without great technical difficulty, for both basic and applied research. For example, understanding insect cold tolerance allows us to predict the establishment and spread of insect pests and biological control agents. Additionally, the discipline provides the tools for drawing physiological comparisons among groups in wider studies that may not be focused primarily on the ability of insects to survive the cold. Thus, the study of insect cold tolerance is of a broad interest, and several reviews have addressed the theories and advances in the field. Here, however, we aim to clarify and provide rationale for common practices used to study cold tolerance, as a starter's guide for newcomers to the field, students, and those wishing to incorporate cold tolerance into a broader study. We cover the 'tried and true' measures of insect cold tolerance, the equipment necessary for these measurement, and summarize the ecological and biological significance of each. Additionally, we provide a suggested framework and workflow for measuring cold tolerance and low temperature performance in insects.

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Frost Resistance in Insects

Cited by 145 publications

References 52 publications

The respiratory metabolism of a lizard (Lacerta vivipara) in supercooled and frozen states

The respiratory metabolism of a lizard (Lacerta vivipara) in supercooled and frozen states

The effect of low temperatures on diapause and non-diapause larvae of the pine caterpillar, Dendrolimus tabulaeformis Tsai et Liu (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)

An invitation to measure insect cold tolerance: Methods, approaches, and workflow

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