Frost and Chilling Injury to Growing Plants

Mayland, H. F.; Cary, J. W.

doi:10.1016/s0065-2113(08)60269-2

Cited by 25 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 87 publications

(96 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Seed in yellow pods exposed to freezing temperatures supercooled 2 to 3 C below their freezing point both on the plant and in detached pods. The supercooling of seed in yellow pods exposed while on the plant can be explained as follows: (1) It has been shown (Mayland and Cary, 1970) that lower seed moisture levels favor greater supercooling and since both the seed and plant are desiccating at the yellow pod stage greater supercooling would be expected, (2) Ice formation in the plant would not be expected to induce ice formation in the seed because the seed has reached physiological maturity and has formed an abscission layer between the seed and the plant's vascular system. Also, it has been shown that ice fronts do not spread rapidly through water stressed plants (Single and Olien, 1967), which could apply to desiccating plants at the yellow pod developmental stage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Freezing Temperatures during Soybean Seed Maturation on Seed Quality¹

Judd¹,

TeKrony²,

Egli³

et al. 1982

Agronomy Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed produced from late maturing cultivars or following delayed planting of early maturing cultivars is often exposed to frost prior to maturation and harvest. Since little information is available regarding the effect of freezing temperatures on seed germination, freezing experiments were conducted with intact plants, and detached pods in controlled environmental chambers. Pods at three developmental stages (green, yellow, and brown) were exposed to temperatures of −2 to −12 C for up to 32 hours. There was a curvilinear relationship (R2 = 0.94) between seed moisture and the freezing temperature of seed with the freezing point decreasing from −2 C at a moisture percentage of 68% (green pods) to −20 C at 30% moisture (brown pods). Seed exposed in detached pods supercooled 2 to 5 C below the freezing point temperature at all development stages. Immature seed in green pods exposed on the plant froze at their freezing point (−2 C); however, seed in yellow or brown pods exposed on the plant supercooled 2 to 4 C below their freezing point. Seed injury did not occur when the seed remained in the supercooled state; however, ice formation resulted in seed injury and death. Immature soybean seed in green pods (65% moisture) were not injured by freezing temperatures of approximately −2 C; however, seed in yellow pods (physiological maturity, 55% moisture) showed significant reductions in seed germination and vigor following an 8‐hour exposure at −7 C. Germination of seed in brown pods (approximately 35% moisture) was reduced only by exposure to −12 C. These results indicate that the temperature required to cause freezing injury to soybean seed decreases during seed development and maturation. When soybean seed have reached physiological maturity (maximum dry weight) temperatures substantially below 0 C are required to cause injury.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Freezing Temperatures during Soybean Seed Maturation on Seed Quality¹

Judd¹,

TeKrony²,

Egli³

et al. 1982

Agronomy Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Interpretation of these chilling-induced changes is made Reduced ATP supply under chilling has been considered a prime cause of chilling injury to plants (12), these concepts being based on a reported reduction in ATP levels following chilling of cotton seedlings at 5 C when plants were not hardened (20). Levels of ATP in the leaves of Sorghum, Paspalum, and Amaranthus rose quite rapidly during chilling treatment, and they remained high until pronounced cellular damage occurred (22).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plants under Climatic Stress

Taylor¹,

Jepsen²,

Christeller³

1972

Plant Physiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

An investigation has been made of the combined effects of low temperature and high light on the level of several photosynthetic products in the leaves of a group of plants differing widely in their tolerance to this stress. Starch levels in these plants after chilling are dependent on the time of day that temperatures are lowered and seem related to rates of C02 assimilation under this stress. Prolonged low-temperature, highlight treatment (10 C at 160 wmr') of Sorghum bicolor induced a rapid starch hydrolysis after a lag of some 24 hours. Differing rates of starch loss at the cellular level and a rapid migration of chloroplasts toward the base of upper mesophyll cells were also seen in legves of this stress-sensitive species.Chilling increased the level of almost all free amino acids in tolerant and in semi-tolerant species, while amino acids related to intermediates of the C4-pathway show a sharp or transitory decrease in Sorghum. These and other changes observed in Sorghum suggest that some time-and temperature-dependent blockages develop in the interconversion of C4-pathway intermediates and possibly in the flow of other intermediates to and from the sites of C4-photosynthesis.Levels of ATP in the leaves of Sorghum, Paspalum, and Amaranthus increased at night and following chilling and did not fall until pronounced necrosis of the leaves commenced.Previous reports (21,22) have shown that high light levels combined with low temperatures can cause necrotic lesions to develop on the leaves of several plants. Lower levels of light prevent or slow the onset of these lesions. Some species of both C3-and C4-photosynthetic pathway (7) Lolium multiflorum L. var Grasslands "Tama" Westerwolds.Potting media, plant nutrients, and controlled environment cabinets were as described previously (21). Plants were given three phases of treatment. They were first preconditioned at a constant day-night temperature of 25 C for 11 to 14 days. Temperatures were generally lowered at the start of a photoperiod to a constant 10 C day and night for 3 days and then returned to 25 C. Photoperiods were 12 hr with light intensities maintained at 160 wm-2 (400-700 nm).Soluble Sugar, Starch, and Malate Assays. Several leaves with most recently emerged ligules (youngest-mature) were harvested from different plants 3 hr before the completion of 12-hr photoperiods. Leaves were lyophilized and ground, and aliquots were used for subsequent analyses. Soluble sugars extracted in 80% (v/v) ethanol and starch extracted from the alcohol-insoluble residue according to Hassid and Neufield (6) were assayed with phenol-sulphuric acid (1). Malate was extracted from aliquots (250 mg) of the same dry leaf powder in 5 ml of 6% HCIO4 at 0 C and determined enzymically (8).Similar assays were also used to determine the levels of leaf starch at more frequent intervals before and during low-temperature treatment.Amino Acid Assays. Amino acids were extracted from 1.5 g wet weight of youngest-mature leaf lamina in methanol-chloroform (2:1) followed by 0.1 ...

show abstract

“…Frost damage to seedlings or immature crops results in serious economic losses. This phase of the frost problem has received relatively little research aside from air temperature control which may be attempted for orchards and other specialty crops during periods of unseasonably cold weather (10).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Influencing Freezing of Supercooled Water in Tender Plants¹

Cary¹,

Mayland²

1970

Agronomy Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

may increase the tolerance of tender plants to frost (9). There is essentially no information on how protective mechanisms interact with the natural physical environment around plants, particularly with respect to the stability of supercooled water in the plant. There is an immediate need for a basic understanding of what does occur during periods of light frost. ABSTRACT Seedlings of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), corn (Zea mays),and tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) were grown in the greenhouse and then exposed to controlled freezing conditions in a growth chamber. Variables were adjusted to determine the influence of plant water potential, freezing time, and external dew formation on the seedlings' susceptibility to frost injury. Freezing, detected visually and by release of latent heat, progressed rapidly throughout plants with high water potential and was always lethal. Spreading of the ice phase was impeded in plants with low water potential. In this case, the freezing injury ap• peared as spots on the leaves which gradually enlarged to encompass the entire leaf as the exposure continued. In general, the plant water supercooled before freezing. Supercooled water within the plant appeared to be internally nucleated if the leaf temperature remained above th atmospheric dewpoint temperature. Under these conditions root temperature, plant water energy, and duration of the freezing period all influenced the stability of the supercooled water. On the other hand, external inoculation prevailed when the freezing temperatures were accompanied by condensation of water from the air and subsequent formation of ice crystals on the leaves. One important exception was noted when ice on corn seedling leaves failed to nucleate the supercooled internal plant water with a potential of -18 bars. W HILE freezing damage to plants has been studied extensively during the past 50 years, most of the emphasis has been directed toward plants that have the ability to cold-harden, particularly biennials and perennials which survive low winter temperatures in a dormant stage (12). An equally important problem is frost damage to growing, nonhardened plants. Frost damage to seedlings or immature crops results in serious economic losses. This phase of the frost problem has received relatively little research aside from air temperature control which may be attempted for orchards and other specialty crops during periods of unseasonably cold weather (10). AdditionalGrowing plants may survive freezing temperatures in two ways. The water in the plant may supercool and not form ice crystals, or the plant may tolerate some ice crystals without having a significant number of cell membranes ruptured (6). Single (15) reported that wheat plants could, under certain conditions, be kept at temperatures of -3 to -5C "almost indefinitely" without having ice form in the tissue, provided there were no ice crystals in the external environment. When ice crystals do form in the tender, growing tissue of many plants, the cells rupture and die. However, Olien (1...

show abstract

Frost and Chilling Injury to Growing Plants

Cited by 25 publications

References 87 publications

Effect of Freezing Temperatures during Soybean Seed Maturation on Seed Quality¹

Effect of Freezing Temperatures during Soybean Seed Maturation on Seed Quality¹

Plants under Climatic Stress

Factors Influencing Freezing of Supercooled Water in Tender Plants¹

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Frost and Chilling Injury to Growing Plants

Cited by 25 publications

References 87 publications

Effect of Freezing Temperatures during Soybean Seed Maturation on Seed Quality1

Effect of Freezing Temperatures during Soybean Seed Maturation on Seed Quality1

Plants under Climatic Stress

Factors Influencing Freezing of Supercooled Water in Tender Plants1

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Effect of Freezing Temperatures during Soybean Seed Maturation on Seed Quality¹

Effect of Freezing Temperatures during Soybean Seed Maturation on Seed Quality¹

Factors Influencing Freezing of Supercooled Water in Tender Plants¹