Frontal Systems Impairment Following Multiple Lacunar Infarcts

Wolfe, Nicola; Linn, Richard T.; Babikian, Viken L.; Knoefel, Janice E.; Albert, Martin L.

doi:10.1001/archneur.1990.00530020025010

Cited by 195 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 23 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…There are researchers who use only one condition of the Stroop task (Kartsounisetal., 1991;Rush etal., 1983;Van der Linden et al, 1993;Wolfe et al, 1990), which in most cases is the incongruent condition (NCWd). If no baseline (neutral) condition is employed, discussion of the data as measuring interference is unwarranted.…”

Section: Group Comparisons For Each Condition Separatelymentioning

confidence: 99%

Paying attention to the Stroop effect?

Henik

1996

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Studies of attention commonly use conflict situations, such as the Stroop task (Stroop, 1935), in which subjects are asked to attend to an object or a dimension and simultaneously ignore other objects or dimensions. Because of its reliability and robustness, the Stroop task is included in many neuropsychology batteries for investigating attentional processing in a variety of populations. Unfortunately, despite its wide application, the task is sometimes misapplied because some studies are not motivated by a conceptual framework, but only by empirical diagnostic criteria. The data resulting from some studies are either uninterpretable or, worse, misleading. To clarify matters I would like first to direct attention to Stroop's original study, thereby explaining the reasoning behind the various Stroop conditions, and then point out the various deviations from the original which reduce the potential value of these studies. Stroop (1935) was interested in creating an experimental method that would enable one to measure the interference of one stimulus dimension on another. The seminal paper that was published in 1935 described three experiments. In all experiments subjects were presented with cards that had words in black, patches of color, or words in color. The task was to read the words or name the colors as fast as possible. The time to perform the task was measured in seconds. A Brief Description of Stroop's (1935) Original StudyThe first experiment measured interference of colors on reading words. Accordingly, there were two conditions: (1) names of colors in black ink (e.g., the word red in black), and (2) color words in an incongrucnt ink (e.g., the word red in purple). Subjects were asked to read 100 color names, and in the incongrucnt condition, also to ignore the colors. Stroop referred to the first condition as reading color names printed in black (RCNb) and to the second condition as reading color names where the color and the word are different Reprint requests to: Avishai Hcnik, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Bcn-Gurion University of the Ncgcv, Bccr-Shcva, Israel.(RCNd). On average, subjects were 2.3 s slower to read color names in the incongruent condition than when the same names were printed in black. Stroop concluded that this effect was not reliable, and further experiments have replicated this finding (MacLeod, 1991). That is, colors do not reliably interfere with reading of words.The second experiment measured interference of words on naming colors. This experiment was also composed of two conditions: (1) squares of colors (e.g., a square of red color), and (2) an incongruent condition similar to that mentioned for the first experiment. Subjects were asked to name 100 colors, and in the incongruent condition, also to ignore the words. The first condition was termed naming color test (NC) and the second condition was termed naming color of word when the color of the print and the content of the word are different (NCWd). On average, subjects named the colors in the incongruent condition 47 s ...

show abstract

Section: Group Comparisons For Each Condition Separatelymentioning

confidence: 99%

Paying attention to the Stroop effect?

Henik

1996

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…36 ' 37 Neuropsychological tests that focus mainly on cortical functions such as language and visuoperceptual abilities and that are less sensitive to slowing of mental speed and impairment of attentional abilities may not detect subcortical functional decline in its early stages. By selecting a test battery that covered a broad range of functions we were able to evaluate subcortical and frontal as well as cortical functions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive correlates of ventricular enlargement and cerebral white matter lesions on magnetic resonance imaging. The Rotterdam Study.

Breteler¹,

Amerongen²,

Swieten³

et al. 1994

Stroke

319

200

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background and Purpose Ventricular enlargement and white matter lesions are frequent findings on cerebral magnetic resonance imaging scans of elderly subjects. In demented subjects they seem related to the severity of the dementia, but in nondemented subjects their clinical significance is less clear. We investigated the relation of size of the lateral ventricles and white matter lesions with cognitive function in a population-based random sample of nondemented elderly persons.Methods The study population consisted of 90 subjects, aged 65 to 84 years, who were randomly selected from the cohort of the Rotterdam Study, and who were not demented. The presence of white matter lesions and the ventricle-tobrain ratio were assessed on magnetic resonance scans. Participants were tested with a neuropsychological battery that covered a broad range of cognitive functions.Results Ventricular enlargement and white matter lesions were both and independently associated with poorer performance on all tests. After adjustment for age and sex, ventric-

show abstract

“…6 Furthermore, patients with a subcortical type of cognitive decline and dementia according to the DMS-III-R-criteria 4 may score above the cutoff value of such simple bedside tests because no time limits are applied. 7 Since demented patients with lacunar infarcts were found to have a subcortical type of cognitive disturbance, 8 this may be the explanation for the authors' finding that patients with lacunar strokes were less often demented, according to the MMSE criterion, than were patients of the "mixed" group, even though cognitive disturbances were not significantly different between the groups. A related problem is that different types of assessment of severity of dementia, such as measures of cognitive dysfunction, activities of daily living, and burden experienced by primary caregivers, are not necessarily strongly correlated.…”

Section: To the Editormentioning

confidence: 94%