Frontal Sinus Fractures: A Review on Etiology and Management Emphasizing Minimally Invasive and Endoscopic Techniques

Abstract

It is a safe and reliable flap, and the blood supply is unaffected in patients with prior neck dissection. In comparison with other locoregional flaps, the upper trapezius myocutaneous flap fulfills all aesthetic and functional criteria for secondary cervicofacial soft tissue reconstruction in ''frozen neck.'' REFERENCES 1. Krijgh DD, Mureau MA. Reconstructive options in patients with late complications after surgery and radiotherapy for head and neck cancer: remember the deltopectoral flap.

Frontal Sinus Fractures: An Evaluation of Patient Demographics, Mechanisms of Injury, Classification, and Management Strategies in Patients Referred to a Trauma Center, From 2014 to 2019

“…The treatment approach is generally selected according to the extent of sinus wall displacement and associated injuries, such as nasofrontal duct involvement or CSF leakage. 1,18,34,35 Observation is believed to be sufficient for nondisplaced or minimally displaced fractures of the anterior table in which the integrity of the nasofrontal duct is preserved. 22 Patients with a more severe displacement of the anterior table should undergo a careful clinical examination to determine whether surgical intervention with sinus preservation or sinus obliteration would be required to correct the esthetic deformity and any possible lesions to the drainage system.…”

“…The findings of this study are similar to those of several authors who recommended a nonoperative approach for managing frontal sinus fracture in most patients, whereas surgical reconstruction, obliteration, or cranialization were reserved for just a few cases with severe complications. 7,10,[16][17][18][19] Schultz et al 7 found that patients with posterior table fractures were more likely to undergo cranialization.…”

“…The information collected for each patient included age, sex, addictions, number of frontal sinuses, unilateral versus bilateral fracture, mechanism of injury (type of trauma), and classification of frontal sinus fracture. The age groups were defined as minors (0-17 y), young adults (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30), adults (31-60), and the elderly (above 60). The mechanism of injury involved a car accident, motorcycle accident, falling, physical assault, and other forms of trauma, such as sports and work-related injuries.…”

“…Today, the general trend has shifted from radical ablative procedures in the past to more conservative approaches to achieve the esthetics of the anterior frontal wall and preserve sinus function. 7,[16][17][18][19][20][21] However, the selection of an optimal strategy still depends on the pattern of the fracture and the associated complications, and it is also influenced by the professional experience of the surgeon. 2,6,9,22 The purpose of this retrospective study was to present the demographic data, mechanism of injury, classification of fracture, and management strategies in patients with frontal sinus fractures who attended the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department at Rajaee Hospital of Shiraz, Iran.…”

Frontal Sinus Fractures

“…The frontal sinus develops after birth at approximately 2 years of age, reaching adult size after puberty 12 with direct visualization radiographically possible after 5 to 7 years of age. 13 The frontal sinus can be divided into three sections and includes (1) a thick anterior table, (2) a thin posterior table, and (3) a nasofrontal outflow tract (NFOT) that drains the sinus into the middle meatus of the nose (►Fig. 1).…”