“…In other Northwestern Roman and Late Antique contexts rye is rare (CDG, CDCR, TONG, CRES, GUIF, QCREST, AST), and, overall, these provided small fruits/seeds assemblages [ 99 , 101 , 129 – 131 ]. It was also recorded in several sites from Northeast Iberia, and also in the Visigothic village of Gózquez in Central Spain, dating to the 6 th –8 th centuries CE [ 54 , 55 , 58 , 60 , 64 , 66 ]. Despite the caution that pollen data demand (see above), the increasing presence of Secale taxa after the Roman period in Iberia seems to strengthen the idea that rye cultivation expanded during Late Antiquity.…”