From the vascular microenvironment to neurogenesis

Identification and Dynamic Regulation of Tight Junction Protein Expression in Human Neural Stem Cells

“…Neural stem cells (NSCs) populate these two zones alongside cerebral blood vessels ultimately creating unique vascular niches, where the interaction of the circulatory and nervous systems generate a specialized microenvironment that promotes the processes of neurogenesis (stem cell self-renewal, cellular proliferation, and terminal differentiation along either neuronal or glial lineages) [3,5].…”

“…Adult neurogenesis is a phenomenon whereby newborn neurons and glia integrate into the mature neural network of either the olfactory bulb or dentate gyrus, aiding in the functions of olfaction or learning and memory retention, respectively [5,6]. NSCs appear to be arranged in a clusterlike formation surrounding cerebral blood vessels, and this orientation is believed to facilitate the migration and subsequent differentiation of NSCs into fully functional neurons and glia [7].…”

“…NSCs appear to be arranged in a clusterlike formation surrounding cerebral blood vessels, and this orientation is believed to facilitate the migration and subsequent differentiation of NSCs into fully functional neurons and glia [7]. One advantage of such a configuration is the continuous supply of oxygen, nutrients, and other molecules carried by the blood, as well as the necessary removal of metabolic waste through venous circulation [5]. Similarly, a cluster-like configuration, or neurosphere, is produced in vitro with NSCs derived from both adult and fetal mammalian tissues [8,9].…”

Compensatory Neurogenesis in the Injured Adult Brain

“…Increased expression of cytokines and chemokines from reactive microglia and blood vessels are also involved in directing the migration of neural progenitor cells to areas of neuronal loss and injury, as well as controlling adult-born neuron survival (Gonzalez-Perez, et al, 2010). Angiogenesis and the expression of pro-angiogenic factors appear to play an important role both in progenitor cell proliferation and survival as well as migration , Yang, et al, 2011. In addition, alteration in neurochemical signaling, such as GABAergic and glutamtergic transmission, and neuronal activity have been shown to modulate neurogenesis following brain injury (Deisseroth, et al, 2004, Ge, et al, 2007.…”

An acellular cerebellar biological scaffold: Preparation, characterization, biocompatibility and effects on neural stem cells

“…The native ECM dynamically interacts with the resident cells in response to variations in the microenvironment and has been shown to play an important role in the attachment, proliferation, migration, and differentiation of cells (Chastain et al, 2006;Koochekpour et al, 1995;Simon-Assmann et al, 1995;Williams et al, 2008;Yang et al, 2011). It is highly desirable to preserve the native composition and ultrastructure of the ECM during the process of tissue and organ decellularization (Ott et al, 2010;Petersen et al, 2010).…”