From the source area to the deposit: Collapse, fragmentation, and propagation of the Frank Slide

Charrière, Marie; Humair, Florian; Froese, C.R.; Jaboyedoff, Michel; Pedrazzini, Andrea; Longchamp, Céline

doi:10.1130/b31243.1

Cited by 37 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…The non-volcanic deposit of Blackhawk (California, USA) also presents similar features (Shea and van Wyk de Vries, 2008) ( Fig. 1a), as does the Frank Slide in Alberta (Canada) Hugr, 1986, 2011;Charrière et al, 2015). Features perpendicular to the flow direction are mainly present in the distal part of the deposit and are interpreted as the surface expression of the underneath topography.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…In order to extend the proposed workflow to a real case study, we decided to apply the filtering gradient operator techniques to the well-known Frank Slide event (Alberta, Canada). This deposit presents several geometrical features, which are mainly longitudinal and perpendicular to the flow direction (Longchamp et al, 2011;Charrière et al, 2015). in this figure: inverse faults, normal faults, and strikeslip faults.…”

Section: (C) Comparison With Real Casementioning

confidence: 99%

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3-D models and structural analysis of rock avalanches: the study of the deformation process to better understand the propagation mechanism

et al. 2016

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Rock avalanches are extremely destructive and uncontrollable events that involve a great volume of material (> 10 6 m 3 ) and several complex processes, and they are difficult to witness. For this reason the study of these phenomena using analog modeling and the accurate analysis of deposit structures and features of laboratory data and historic events become of great importance in the understanding of their behavior.The main objective of this research is to analyze rock avalanche dynamics and deformation process by means of a detailed structural analysis of the deposits coming from data of 3-D measurements of mass movements of different magnitudes, from decimeter level scale laboratory experiments to well-studied rock avalanches of several square kilometers' magnitude.Laboratory experiments were performed on a tilting plane on which a certain amount of a well-defined granular material is released, propagates and finally stops on a horizontal surface. The 3-D geometrical model of the deposit is then obtained using either a scan made with a 3-D digitizer (Konica Minolta VIVID 9i) or a photogrammetric method called structure from motion (SfM), which requires taking several pictures from different point of view of the object to be modeled.In order to emphasize and better detect the fault structures present in the deposits, we applied a median filter with different moving window sizes (from 3 × 3 to 9 × 9 nearest neighbors) to the 3-D datasets and a gradient operator along the direction of propagation.The application of these filters on the datasets results in (1) a precise mapping of the longitudinal and transversal displacement features observed at the surface of the deposits and (2) a more accurate interpretation of the relative movements along the deposit (i.e., normal, strike-slip, inverse faults) by using cross sections. Results show how the use of filtering techniques reveals disguised features in the original point cloud and that similar displacement patterns are observable both in the laboratory simulation and in the real-scale avalanche, regardless the size of the avalanche. Furthermore, we observed how different structural features, including transversal fractures and folding patterns, tend to show a constant wavelength proportional to the size of the avalanche event.Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 744 C. Longchamp et al.: 3-D models and structural analysis of rock avalanches

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: (C) Comparison With Real Casementioning

confidence: 99%

3-D models and structural analysis of rock avalanches: the study of the deformation process to better understand the propagation mechanism

et al. 2016

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“…They performed several laboratory tests using different block assemblages and their findings for the amount of fragmentation showed consistency with use of Hardin (1985) breakage parameters for the definition of how much fragmentation has taken place during a breakage event related with the total runout of the rock mass. Charrière et al (2015) also presented a model to calculate the successive block size distribution after fragmentation during a rock slide, which describes the breaking of a cubic block into two fragments with a random volume ratio, and in their turn their successive breaking in two more fragments each, for a chosen number of cycles. Further work is needed to develop transition models from the IBSD to the RBSD for fragmental rockfalls.…”

Section: Obtaining the Bsd From The Ibsdmentioning

confidence: 99%

A fractal fragmentation model for rockfalls

2016

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(150-250 words)The impact-induced rock mass fragmentation in a rockfall is analyzed by comparing the In Situ Block Size Distribution (IBSD) of the rock mass detached from the cliff face and the resultant Rockfall Block Size Distribution (RBSD) of the rockfall fragments on the slope. The analysis of several inventoried rockfall events suggests that the volumes of the rockfall fragments can be characterized by a power law distribution. We propose the application of a three-parameter Rockfall Fractal Fragmentation Model (RFFM) for the transformation of the IBSD into the RBSD. A Discrete Fracture Network model is used to simulate the discontinuity pattern of the detached rock mass and to generate the IBSD. Each block of the IBSD of the detached rock mass is an initiator. A survival rate is included to express the proportion of the unbroken blocks after the impact on the ground surface. The model was calibrated using the volume distribution of a rockfall event in Vilanova de Banat in the Cadí Sierra, Eastern Pyrenees, Spain. The RBSD was obtained directly in the field, by measuring the rock blocks fragments deposited on the slope. The IBSD and the RBSD were fitted by exponential and power-law functions, respectively. The results show that the proposed fractal model can successfully generate the RBSD from the IBSD and indicate the model parameter values for the case study.

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“…Manzella (2008) conducted a series of laboratory experiments consisting of unconstrained flows of small rectangular blocks and gravel down an inclined slab, showing that the tests with bricks piled in an orderly arrangement in the source container have higher velocities and travel farther than those with bricks piled randomly and with loose gravel mass. Comparing the block size distributions of the source area and deposit surface of the Frank Slide, Charrière et al (2016) found that preexisting joint sets can exert primary control over the fragmentation processes, at least in the top layer of deposits. Ruiz‐Carulla et al (2017) proposed a three‐parameter rockfall fractal fragmentation model to predict the transformation of the in situ block size distribution to the resultant rockfall block size distribution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contributions of Rock Mass Structure to the Emplacement of Fragmenting Rockfalls and Rockslides: Insights From Laboratory Experiments

Lin

Cheng

et al. 2020

JGR Solid Earth

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Rockfalls and rockslides often occur in mountainous areas, and they may develop into rock avalanches because of fragmentation. A series of laboratory experiments were conducted to study the contributions of rock mass structure to the emplacement of fragmenting rockfalls and rockslides. In these experiments, we considered the process of breakable analog blocks with different structures sliding along an inclined plane, impacting at the kink point with a horizontal plane where deposition occurs. The results show that the initial geometrical subdivision (i.e., the rock mass structure) of the source rock can greatly influence the impact of the fragmentation process and total runout, while the degree of fragmentation controls the travel distance of the center of mass. The occurrence of transversal discontinuities enhances the momentum transfer efficiency from the rear to the front part of the rock mass. A negative correlation between the apparent friction coefficient (linked to the total runout) and equivalent friction coefficient (linked to the center of mass runout) was found, which appears to be induced by fragmentation. We proposed a new fragmentation-spreading model to describe this negative correlation. This simple physical model supports the importance of fragmentation in rock fragment trajectories and the runout of rockfalls and rockslides. Fragmentation is an energy-sinking process that will shorten the runout of the center of mass. Thus, we suggest that impact fragmentation does not fully account for the long runout of large rockfalls and rockslides.

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From the source area to the deposit: Collapse, fragmentation, and propagation of the Frank Slide

Cited by 37 publications

References 64 publications

3-D models and structural analysis of rock avalanches: the study of the deformation process to better understand the propagation mechanism

3-D models and structural analysis of rock avalanches: the study of the deformation process to better understand the propagation mechanism

A fractal fragmentation model for rockfalls

Contributions of Rock Mass Structure to the Emplacement of Fragmenting Rockfalls and Rockslides: Insights From Laboratory Experiments

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