From the predictable to the unexpected: kelp forest and benthic invertebrate community dynamics following decades of sea otter expansion

Shelton, Andrew O.; Harvey, Chris J.; Samhouri, Jameal F.; Andrews, Kelly S.; Feist, Blake E.; Frick, Kinsey E.; Tolimieri, Nick; Williams, Gregory D.; Antrim, L.D.; Berry, Helen

doi:10.1007/s00442-018-4263-7

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…By causing a wellknown trophic cascade, sea otters can increase the spatial extent and depth of kelp forests (Markel and Shurin 2015) thereby increasing the depth range and spatial extent of abalone (Lee et al 2016). Recent evidence also hints at the complexity of sea otter-urchin-kelp interactions, revealing that environmental conditions can decouple this trophic cascade particularly after long periods of sea otter occupation (Shelton et al 2018). (Menzies 2010(Menzies , 2015 is also shown.…”

Section: Study Area Components and Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Drawing on indigenous governance and stewardship to build resilient coastal fisheries: People and abalone along Canada's northwest coast

Lee

Reid²,

Jones³

et al. 2019

Marine Policy

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Section: Study Area Components and Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Drawing on indigenous governance and stewardship to build resilient coastal fisheries: People and abalone along Canada's northwest coast

Lee

Reid²,

Jones³

et al. 2019

Marine Policy

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“…In some cases, such as that of species extinctions, changes can be irreversible; for instance, large marine carnivores and herbivores and some habitat-forming species are ecologically extinct at many temperate and tropical sites , Pandolfi et al 2003. On the other hand, there are examples of surprising recoveries of functionally extinct species: sea otters were extirpated along the coast of the Olympic Peninsula of Washington state, United States, in the early 1900s, but reintroduction of 59 individuals in 1969-1970 was effective in reinstating the local population after two decades (Shelton et al 2018). In other cases, irreversibility is not ecological, but it is a consequence of the amount of effort needed to promote the shift-back and, hence, limited by economic and social constraints.…”

Section: Novel and Hybrid Ecosystems: A Definition And Implications F...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Oceanography and Marine Biology

Hawkins¹,

Allcock²,

Bates³

et al. 2020

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Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.With the exception of reviews 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.Reviews 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8 of this book are available for free in PDF format as Open Access from the individual product page at www.crcpress.com. It has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.

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“…kelp forests) to sea urchindominated (urchin barrens) habitat (Ling et al 2015, Beas-Luna et al 2020, which poses a risk to the wide range of the valuable ecosystem functions provided by kelp forests (Smith et al 2021, Smith & Fox 2022. These state changes can be precipitated by climate and oceanographic variability (Pearse & Hines 1987, Pfister et al 2018, Smale 2020, or by trophic dynamics triggered by shifts in populations and behaviors of key consumers (Ling et al 2009, Watson & Estes 2011, Feehan & Scheibling 2014, Ling et al 2015, Shelton et al 2018, Dunn et al 2021. The distribution of kelps is strongly related to ocean temperature (Breeman 1990, Smale 2020) making them vulnerable to both long-term ocean warming and the more temporally discrete effects of marine heatwaves (MHWs, prolonged but defined periods of anomalously warm water; Hobday et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in kelp forest communities off Washington, USA, during and after the 2014-2016 marine heatwave and sea star wasting syndrome

Tolimieri¹,

Samhouri²,

Harvey³

et al. 2023

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Canopy-forming kelps are foundation species in many coastal ecosystems, but kelp-forest communities are subject to abrupt state changes caused by environmental drivers and trophic dynamics. We examined changes in kelp communities at 5 sites along the Olympic Coast of Washington State, USA, during and following the recent perturbations of anomalous warm-water events and sea star wasting syndrome (SSWS). Anomalously warm water in 2013 and 2014 corresponded with a loss of approximately 50% of Macrocystis pyrifera and Nereocystis luetkeana canopy. However, the canopy quickly recovered, and stipe density increased after 2015. Purple sea urchins Strongylocentrotus purpuratus increased in density 164-fold, largely at one site, but this increase was first observed in 2017 and peaked in 2019, after the warm period. Sea stars did not show recovery from SSWS, with several species including Pycnopodia helianthoides continuing to decline. The majority of variation in assemblage structure occurred at the site level for kelps, macroinvertebrates, and fishes, while year explained most of the variability for juvenile rockfishes Sebastes spp. We did not see strong top-down effects of urchins on kelp, suggesting that top-down impacts were not dominant regionally during this period. In contrast, we found evidence for a bottom-up influence of kelp habitat on juvenile rockfishes, as rockfish recruits occurred with higher probability where kelp stipe density was higher. Our analyses highlight the importance of spatial variation in structuring changes in kelp forest communities associated with disturbance and suggest that it is essential to ensure the protection of a diversity of kelp forests.

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From the predictable to the unexpected: kelp forest and benthic invertebrate community dynamics following decades of sea otter expansion

Cited by 13 publications

References 46 publications

Drawing on indigenous governance and stewardship to build resilient coastal fisheries: People and abalone along Canada's northwest coast

Drawing on indigenous governance and stewardship to build resilient coastal fisheries: People and abalone along Canada's northwest coast

Oceanography and Marine Biology

Changes in kelp forest communities off Washington, USA, during and after the 2014-2016 marine heatwave and sea star wasting syndrome

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