From the Intersection of Food-Borne Zoonoses and EU Green Policies to an In-Embryo One Health Financial Model

Abstract

The European Union (EU) adopts the One Health (OH) approach, based on the relationships between human, animal, and environmental health. OH concerns a multitude of aspects, some of which are discussed here. OH overlaps the European Green Deal plan and its relaunched Farm to Fork Strategy, which aims at spreading organic farms adopting the circular economy, in order to improve human health through both better environmental conditions and healthier food. Nevertheless, zoonoses cause sanitary cost in terms of infected farm personnel, lower productivity, and lower fertility of infected farm animals. In such scenarios, the decreased breeding yield and the lower income induce higher cost of farm products, meaning that the market price rises, becoming uncompetitive when compared to the prices of industrial products. Consequently, lower revenues can hinder the farm growth expected in the framework of the EU Green Deal. Since zoonosis control is a key element in aligning EU policies aimed at achieving the EU Green Deal goal of “ZERO environmental impact” by 2050, the authors suggest the inclusion of the parameter economic health in the OH approach, in order to individuate EU Member States (MSs) economically unable to conduct eradication programmes and to finance them. Economic health is here considered as a starting point of the new ethical and science-based One Health Financial Model that the authors suggest as an in-embryo model, in which specific rules should regulate public funds, private investments, and trading, which should exclusively concern public services and private enterprises complying with most of the OH parameters. In this way, economic losses due to collateral negative effects deriving from human activities can be progressively decreased, and the entire planet will benefit from the process. Despite the considerable efforts being carried out in the context of the OH approach, war causes tragic and devastating effects on the physical and mental health of human beings, on their lives, on pandemic and zoonotic threats, on animals, on plants and, last but not least, on the environment. War is incompatible with OH. Enormous efforts for peace are therefore urgently needed.

Veterinary systems biology for bridging the phenotype–genotype gap via computational modeling for disease epidemiology and animal welfare

“…Systems biology is a well-established discipline in biomedical science and has a substantial track record of success in solving complex biological problems [ 3–5 ]. Given that over 60% of human diseases originate from animals, it is crucial to adopt novel and innovative computational modeling approaches in veterinary science to comprehend the intricate nature of host–pathogen interactions for the sake of animal and human health [ 6 ]. To understand the connection between animal, human and environmental health, the concept of One Health has been introduced.…”

Carbapenem Resistance Mechanisms, Carbapenemase Genes Dissemination , and Laboratory Detection Methods: A Review

“…The phrases carbapenemaseproducing organisms (CPO) and carbapenem-resistant organisms (CRO) are also occasionally used. The Enterobacteriaceae that the CDC initially classified as CRE were those that were resistant to both third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenem [12]. CRE are currently defined as any Enterobacteriaceae or Enterobacterales that are documented to produce a carbapenemase or are resistant to any carbapenem antibiotic, including intermediate resistance [12].…”

“…The Enterobacteriaceae that the CDC initially classified as CRE were those that were resistant to both third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenem [12]. CRE are currently defined as any Enterobacteriaceae or Enterobacterales that are documented to produce a carbapenemase or are resistant to any carbapenem antibiotic, including intermediate resistance [12]. Additionally, resistance to a non-imipenem carbapenem is necessary for those Enterobacteriaceae, such as Proteus mirabilis, that may have an innately lower susceptibility to imipenem [13].…”