From the Holocene to the Anthropocene: A historical framework for land cover change in southwestern South America in the past 15,000 years

Armestó, Juan J.; Manuschevich, Daniela; Mora, Alejandra Núñez-de la; Smith‐Ramírez, Cecilia; Rozzi, Ricardo; Abarzúa, Ana M.; Marquet, Pablo A.

doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.07.006

Cited by 189 publications

(132 citation statements)

References 79 publications

(109 reference statements)

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“…Although the climate in 10 000 BCE differs from the present day (Armesto et al, 2009;Bertrand and Van Ypersele, 2002;Kropelin et al, 2008;Tett et al, 2005;Verschuren et al, 2002), we believe that the lower temperature thresholds we used are still valid, partially since they are just one of the factors involved. The same applies to the biome map.…”

Section: Uncertaintiesmentioning

confidence: 76%

Anthropogenic land use estimates for the Holocene – HYDE 3.2

Goldewijk

Beusen

Doelman

et al. 2017

Earth Syst. Sci. Data

701

620

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Abstract. This paper presents an update and extension of HYDE, the History Database of the Global Environment (HYDE version 3.2). HYDE is an internally consistent combination of historical population estimates and allocation algorithms with time-dependent weighting maps for land use. Categories include cropland, with new distinctions for irrigated and rain-fed crops (other than rice) and irrigated and rain-fed rice. Grazing lands are also provided, divided into more intensively used pasture and less intensively used rangeland, and further specified with respect to conversion of natural vegetation to facilitate global change modellers. Population is represented by maps of total, urban, rural population, population density and built-up area. The period covered is 10 000 before Common Era (BCE) to 2015 Common Era (CE). All data can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.17026/dans-25g-gez3.We estimate that global population increased from 4.4 million people (we also estimate a lower range < 0.01 and an upper range of 8.9 million) in 10 000 BCE to 7.257 billion in 2015 CE, resulting in a global population density increase from 0.03 persons (or capita, in short cap) km −2 (range 0-0.07) to almost 56 cap km −2 respectively. The urban built-up area evolved from almost zero to roughly 58 Mha in 2015 CE, still only less than 0.5 % of the total land surface of the globe.Cropland occupied approximately less than 1 % of the global land area (13 037 Mha, excluding Antarctica) for a long time period until 1 CE, quite similar to the grazing land area. In the following centuries the share of global cropland slowly grew to 2.2 % in 1700 CE (ca. 293 Mha, uncertainty range 220-367 Mha), 4.4 % in 1850 CE (578 Mha, range 522-637 Mha) and 12.2 % in 2015 CE (ca. 1591 Mha, range 1572-1604 Mha). Cropland can be further divided into rain-fed and irrigated land, and these categories can be further separated into rice and non-rice. Rain-fed croplands were much more common, with 2.2 % in 1700 CE (289 Mha, range 217-361 Mha), 4.2 % (549 Mha, range 496-606 Mha) in 1850 CE and 10.1 % (1316 Mha, range 1298-1325 Mha) in 2015 CE, while irrigated croplands used less than 0.05 % (4.3 Mha, range 3.1-5.5 Mha), 0.2 % (28 Mha, range 25-31 Mha) and 2.1 % (277 Mha, range 273-278 Mha) in 1700, 1850 and 2015 CE, respectively. We estimate the irrigated rice area (paddy) to be 0.1 % (13 Mha, range 9-16 Mha) in 1700 CE, 0.2 % (28 Mha, range 26-31 Mha) in 1850 CE and 0.9 % (118 Mha, range 117-120 Mha) in 2015 CE.The estimates for land used for grazing are much more uncertain. We estimate that the share of grazing land grew from 5.1 % in 1700 CE (667 Mha, range 507-820 Mha) to 9.6 % in 1850 CE (1192 Mha, range 1068-1304 Mha) and 24.9 % in 2015 CE (3241 Mha, range 3211-3270 Mha). To aid the modelling community we have divided land used for grazing into more intensively used pasture, less intensively used converted rangeland and less or unmanaged natural unconverted rangeland. Pasture occupied 1.1 % in 1700 CE (145 Mha, range 79-175 Mha), 1.9 % in 1850 CE (253 Mha...

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Section: Uncertaintiesmentioning

confidence: 76%

Anthropogenic land use estimates for the Holocene – HYDE 3.2

Goldewijk

Beusen

Doelman

et al. 2017

Earth Syst. Sci. Data

701

620

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“…Because ecosystem functions of scrubland have been less studied than forests, it is possible that we could distinguish a higher number of scrubland types in semiarid and montane regions after further study. The sclerophyllous scrubland of central Chile, or Chilean matorral, is probably the most endangered ecosystem type in mainland Chile, because of historical reduction in extent (Holmgren et al 2000;Armesto et al 2007Armesto et al , 2010, despite being biologically one of the richest ecosystems in the country (Rundel 1981;Arroyo et al 1993;Cowling et al 2005). Across a broad range of elevations from 34°to 56°S (Arroyo et al 1993;Luebert and Pliscoff 2006;Armesto et al 2007), forests are the most important and variable ecosystems.…”

Section: Areal Extent Of Each Ecosystemmentioning

confidence: 99%

A framework for the classification Chilean terrestrial ecosystems as a tool for achieving global conservation targets

et al. 2017

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Countries that are signatories of the Convention of Biological Diversity are committed to the goal of protecting 17% of their natural ecosystems by 2020. The lack of an up-to-date, operational classification and cartography of regional ecosystems seriously limits the assessment of progress towards this goal. Here, we present a broad ecosystem framework, which combines land use, functional traits of dominant plant species, and climatic factors for the classification of terrestrial ecosystems and apply this framework to classify Chilean terrestrial ecosystems. This new classification is consistent with the recently proposed IUCN framework to assess ecosystem conservation status. Using this framework, we identified and described 30 Chilean terrestrial ecosystems, including land units of natural and anthropogenic origin. We also provide a cartographic representation of ecosystems for land planning purposes and an overall assessment of their conservation status. We evaluated the representation of the 30 ecosystems in the Chilean National System of Protected Areas (NSPA) and in Private Protected Areas (PPA), identifying 15 123Biodivers Conserv (2017) 26:2857-2876 DOI 10.1007/s10531-017-1393 ecosystems underrepresented (below the 17% target) in the NSPA, in contrast to only 11 when the area of NSPA?PPA was considered. The proposed classification can be broadly applicable to assess the conservation status of ecosystems elsewhere, using similar conceptual and methodological tools. The development of functional ecosystem classifications for different countries must be encouraged to facilitate monitoring of global conservation targets.

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“…The amount of land in the region classified as plantation forestry has increased by 55 % between 1998 and 2008 (116-179 thousands ha; [22]. As in other parts of Chile, over 20,000 ha of those new plantations have replaced native forests in the region [19,23], mainly located in the CMR. The growth of exotic species in non-native environments has uncertain ecohydrological consequences [24].…”

Section: Eucalyptus Plantation Forestsmentioning

confidence: 99%