From the Eurasian Steppes to the Roman Circuses: A Review of Early Development of Horse Breeding and Management

Klecel, Weronika; Martyniuk, E.

doi:10.3390/ani11071859

Cited by 17 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…Interestingly, the strongest selection signature identified in Falabella ponies, which represent the smallest miniature horse breed on the planet, 11 was located around another gene, HMGA2 ( Figure S2 A), which was previously reported to be associated with short stature in Shetland ponies. 12 Including other western pony breeds to the selection analysis confirmed previously reported selection candidates, such as FGF12 , DLX3 , and PDK2 , 13 , 14 but not TBX3 ( Data S2 I–S2K). This suggested a potentially different genetic basis for size-related phenotypes in Chinese and western ponies ( Data S2 J and S2K).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

A single-nucleotide mutation within the TBX3 enhancer increased body size in Chinese horses

Liu

et al. 2022

Current Biology

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

A single-nucleotide mutation within the TBX3 enhancer increased body size in Chinese horses

Liu

et al. 2022

Current Biology

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“…Selection criteria for breeding donkeys and horses reported in this study focus on appearance traits, which is in line with the extensive review made by Klecel and Martyniuk (2021) on ancient breeding and management of horses in Greece, including coat color, facial profile, and head shape (Maśko et al 2022). For example, dark colors such as black roan could make mules adapt to the prolonged exposure to solar radiation of the tropical environment, which is reflected by shade-seeking behavior of mules (Haddy et al 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

The insights of smallholder farmers on special attributes of the genetically robust mule

Desta

Teklemariam²,

Mulugeta³

2022

Biodiversitas

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Abstract. Desta TT, Teklemariam H, Mulugeta T. 2022. The insight of smallholder farmers on special attributes of the genetically robust mule. Biodiversitas 23: 3561-3566. A mule (Equus asinus X Equus caballus) is the offspring of a jack, a mature male donkey, and a mare, a mature female horse. Mule is the artifact of distant hybridization, and interspecific breeding has endowed mule with appreciable hardiness. In the history of humans, mule breeding represents a novel undying, and successful traditional biotechnology. This qualitative study reports the advantages and disadvantages of using mules as working and riding equid and insights of smallholder farmers on mule’s behavior and robustness. For most of the socio-economically important traits reported mule surpasses both the parental species, donkey and horse. This superiority is most likely associated with the genetic robustness of mules aroused from interspecific hybridization. It was reported that a mare mule is more intelligent, and quite the opposite, it is more aggressive than its male counterpart. Presumably, X-inactivation in distant hybrid animals like mules possessing heterologous X-chromosomes is suppressed; consequently, some of the X-chromosome genes might be escaped the inactivation process which makes the mare mule produce more of the protein products and surpass its male counterpart. The general sterility of mare mule may have also made it to invest virtually none in the costly task, nurturing of offspring. Mule's sterility and aggression make some of the community members develop negative insights. Regardless of this, the mule is highly appreciated for the various services it deliverstothe rural community.

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“…This "package", which included chariots, chariot builders, chariot horses and their trainers and grooms, had emerged with complex societies (e.g., chiefdoms) on the steppe because a complex set of technologies, skills, and resources was required (Chechushkov and Epimakhov, 2018;Kristiansen, 2018). Teams of horsemen, trainers and grooms accompanied chariots and chariot horses in the dissemination of this complex and the associated horse industry, as indicated for example by 3800-year-old clay tablets from north-eastern Syria (Klecel and Martyniuk, 2021).…”

Section: The Dispersal Of Dom2 Horses From the Pontic-caspian Steppementioning

confidence: 99%

The prehistoric origins of the domestic horse and horseback riding

Niskanen¹

2023

bmsap

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Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d' Anthropologie de ParisCet article fait suite à une communication invitée présentée lors des 1847 es journées de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris dans le cadre de la session "Les relations entre les humains et les animaux"Abstract -The findings of Librado et al. (2021) show that modern domestic horses (DOM2) emerged in the lower Don-Volga region. They imply that horseback riding drove selection that resulted in these horses and fuelled their initial dispersal, and also that DOM2 horses replaced other horses because they were more suitable for riding due to their more docile temperaments and resilient backs. In this article, I argue that captive breeding of horses leading to their domestication began in about 4500-3000 BC in the Pontic-Caspian steppe and made horseback riding necessary because managing horses, and especially moving them over long distances, required mounted herding. Horseback riding had been experimented with since the second half of the 5 th millennium BC, became common around 3100 BC during the early stages of the Yamnaya culture, and necessary by the middle of the 3 rd millennium BC at the very latest. As horseback riding became more common, selection for malleable temperaments and resilient backs intensified, resulting in DOM2 horses by about 2300-2200 BC in the lower Don-Volga region. The body size and weight-carrying ability of ancestral and early DOM2 horses were not limiting factors for horseback riding. The initial dispersal of DOM2 horses was facilitated by horseback riding and began by about 2300 +150 BC. Chariotry began to spread together with DOM2 horses after 2000 BC, but its high archaeological visibility may have inflated its importance, since chariots are of limited practical use for herding and other daily tasks.

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From the Eurasian Steppes to the Roman Circuses: A Review of Early Development of Horse Breeding and Management

Cited by 17 publications

References 98 publications

A single-nucleotide mutation within the TBX3 enhancer increased body size in Chinese horses

A single-nucleotide mutation within the TBX3 enhancer increased body size in Chinese horses

The insights of smallholder farmers on special attributes of the genetically robust mule

The prehistoric origins of the domestic horse and horseback riding

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