From Tahrir to the world: The camp as a political public space

Ramadan, Adam

doi:10.1177/0969776412459863

Cited by 44 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In his study of the Palestinian refugee camp Rashidieh in Lebanon, Ramadan (2009) recorded a process that reinforced national memory, as well as a process of emerging internal competing ideological visions. Extending the analysis to other types of "irregular spaces", such as Tahrir Square in Cairo during the period of massive protests against Mubarak, he concludes that a protest camp can become a field of total resistance to the hegemonic power (Ramadan, 2012). Therefore, collective memories may appear in such closed areas, they can reshape collective identities, and create autonomous powers.…”

Section: Ruptures In the Normalization Of The Exceptionmentioning

confidence: 95%

The Black Suits of Mayday: The Turkish Cypriot Opposition in a Period of Siege

Moudouros¹

2019

JCRS

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The present article analyzes the emergence of the Turkish Cypriot state of exception in the period of intercommunal riots in Cyprus on two main levels. The first level identifies its structures and ideological aspects. The enclaves of the 1964-1974 period in Cyprus are treated as areas of exclusion and siege of the Turkish Cypriots. Therefore, they are studied as spaces that produce certain political activity against the "other" community, the Greek Cypriot community. The creation of the enclaves resulted from the armed violence of this decade; it was a direct response to an emergency situation which contributed, to a certain degree, and to the territorial and political partition of the two communities. Therefore, this article aims to describe the aspects of the nationalist hegemony and the efforts to reproduce its power through the activation of the threat. On a second level, the article studies the dynamics that led to the emergence of opposition forces and which eventually became an important aspect of the development of the Turkish Cypriot community. On this level, the paper examines the space where the Turkish Cypriots lived for a decade as areas where state power sovereignty, or the dominance of the nationalist elite, met with alternative forms of existence and with other notions of belonging that opposed the dominant ones.

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Section: Ruptures In the Normalization Of The Exceptionmentioning

confidence: 95%

The Black Suits of Mayday: The Turkish Cypriot Opposition in a Period of Siege

Moudouros¹

2019

JCRS

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“…5 See Kohn (2013);Mitchell (1995);Mitchell (2017);Köksal (2012). 6 See for instance Örs (2013) on the history and symbolic importance of the Taksim square in Istanbul; Hansen (2016) on the Maidan square's perceived role as a safety valve in the Ukrainian society; Gillham et al (2013) on the policing of Occupy protests; Ramadan (2013) on the importance of Tahrir square in Egypt; Lee (2009) 14 I use these data to describe the city and the elements of its main squares, and I identify instances where the elements of the squares have affected the opposition's conduct. I argue that Minsk is a particularly difficult place to protest in because: 1) the city represents Lukashėnka and his success, as well as the mainstream and official view of history; and at the same time, alienates the pro-European opposition; 2) the two main squares (Kastrychnitskaia and Nezalezhnastsi) are places most people tend to avoid, have been altered.…”

Section: Research Question Approach Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Public space in the Soviet city: A spatial perspective on mass protests in Minsk

Hansen

2017

Nordlit

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In many capitals, the central public square is the place where people go en masse when they wish to voice their discontent. The In the concept of democracy, the square has a central position. Historically, when people started to live in urban societies, the town square often became the natural meeting place -a space in which people deliberate, make policies and decide on a course of action. We find examples of this on the ancient Greek agora, the medieval Scandinavian ting, and the Slavic vecha.In our day and age, most of the decision-making has moved from the town square into political institutions, and the squares have been given other uses, such as for recreation and celebration. Yet, ever so often, people return to the square's original function. We have, to mention just a few recent examples, seen people gather on and occupy several squares in modern history: from the Tiananmen in 1989; to the squares of many postSoviet cities during the wave of 'colour revolutions' in the 2000s. We saw massive

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“…These camps, however, also serve as sites for the forging national identity (Hanafi, 2008) and collective memory (Collins, 2011;Ramadan, 2009b;, and bear the potential to proffer embattled inhabitants forms of autonomous governance beyond the supervision of the sovereign (Szanto, 2012). Similarly, an encamped urban sphere can become a space of defiance and subversion where norms are challenged and social and political protests unleashed (Ramadan, 2013).…”

Section: Spaces Of Exception Encampment and Domesticationmentioning

confidence: 95%

Colonial conquests and the politics of normalization: The case of the Golan Heights and Northern Cyprus

Ram

2015

Political Geography

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a b s t r a c tThe space of exception has been extensively discussed as a location in which governing technologies are deployed through the suspension and manipulation of the norm. The scholarship on the subject has underscored the ways in which various localities can be encamped, which alludes to the dynamic in which spaces of exception can be shaped through the application of various means of sovereign violence that produces new and unpredictable norms. Building on this literature, the article analyzes the ways in which the exception is intentionally used in order to spatially construct the norm. Two case studies are discussed: Israel's occupation of the Golan Heights and the Turkish occupation of Northern Cyprus. The article's main aim is to show how the state of emergency, which provided the justification for deploying exceptional meansdoccupation and subsequent colonizationdwas domesticated. By domestication I mean a situation whereby the state of emergency is not fully negated, but rather rearticulated and redeployed in order to reshape the space and transform it so that it is concomitantly both threatening and normal. I go on to show, however, how despite the processes of spatial normalization the state of exception always resurfaces.This article examines how occupying forces deploy exceptional means to reconstruct contested territories so as to normalize and in thus way fortify their presence. Analyzing two case studiesdthe Israeli occupation of the Golan Heights and the Turkish occupation of Northern CyprusdI show that the objective of the normalization process has in each case been different. Israel normalized its presence in the Golan in order to incorporate this region into its own territory, while Turkey has been normalizing its presence in Northern Cyprus in order to craft it as Turkish without fully integrating it into its own body politic. However, and despite these differences, a similar rationale has in both cases led the core statesdIsrael and Turkeydto employ a twofold normalization strategy during the conquest and subsequent occupation.On the one hand, the core states accentuated the geostrategic risks (real or constructed) embodied in the territories captured and presented them as constituting a threat that could be dealt with only through the imposition of a state of emergency and the deployment of exceptional means (e.g., ethnic cleansing, widespread destruction). On the other hand, and simultaneously, the core states strove to transform these contested spaces and reproduce them as normal in order to render them non-threatening.In other words, the core states present the spaces they had occupied as both an exception (a threat that needs to be controlled and managed) and simultaneously as normal. Examining how the strategies employed by the occupying states are informed by this tension, I show that the incongruity cannot be fully managed. The fact that these territories are colonized and are therefore constituted as spaces of exception is ultimately re-exposed.Following a brief literature r...

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From Tahrir to the world: The camp as a political public space

Cited by 44 publications

References 14 publications

The Black Suits of Mayday: The Turkish Cypriot Opposition in a Period of Siege

The Black Suits of Mayday: The Turkish Cypriot Opposition in a Period of Siege

Public space in the Soviet city: A spatial perspective on mass protests in Minsk

Colonial conquests and the politics of normalization: The case of the Golan Heights and Northern Cyprus

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