From stereogram to surface: how the brain sees the world in depth

Fang, Liang; Grossberg, Stephen

doi:10.1163/156856809786618484

Cited by 43 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Many data about figure-ground perception have been modeled as part of the form-and-color-and-depth (FACADE) theory of 3-D vision (e.g., Cao & Grossberg, 2005, 2011Fang & Grossberg, 2009;Grossberg, 1994Grossberg, , 1997Grossberg & Kelly, 1999;Grossberg & McLoughlin, 1997;Grossberg & Pessoa, 1998;Grossberg & Yazdanbakhsh, 2005;Kelly & Grossberg, 2001). FACADE theory describes how 3-D boundary and surface representations are generated within the blob and interblob cortical processing streams from cortical areas V1 to V4.…”

Section: D Formotion Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

How do object reference frames and motion vector decomposition emerge in laminar cortical circuits?

Grossberg

Léveillé²,

Versace³

2011

Atten Percept Psychophys

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How do spatially disjoint and ambiguous local motion signals in multiple directions generate coherent and unambiguous representations of object motion? Various motion percepts, starting with those of Duncker (Induced motion, 1929(Induced motion, /1938 and Johansson (Configurations in event perception, 1950), obey a rule of vector decomposition, in which global motion appears to be subtracted from the true motion path of localized stimulus components, so that objects and their parts are seen as moving relative to a common reference frame. A neural model predicts how vector decomposition results from multiple-scale and multiple-depth interactions within and between the formand motion-processing streams in V1-V2 and V1-MST, which include form grouping, form-to-motion capture, figure-ground separation, and object motion capture mechanisms. Particular advantages of the model are that these mechanisms solve the aperture problem, group spatially disjoint moving objects via illusory contours, capture object motion direction signals on real and illusory contours, and use interdepth directional inhibition to cause a vector decomposition, whereby the motion directions of a moving frame at a nearer depth suppress those directions at a farther depth, and thereby cause a peak shift in the perceived directions of object parts moving with respect to the frame.Keywords Motion perception . Vector decomposition . Frames of reference . Peak shift . Complementary computing . V2 . MT . MST How do we make sense of the complex motions of multiple interacting objects and their parts? One required computational step is to represent the various motion paths in an appropriate reference frame. Various ways of defining a reference frame have been proposed, ranging from retinocentric, in which an object is coded relative to the location of the activity it induces on the retina, to geocentric, in which objects are represented independent of the observer's viewpoint (Wade & Swanston, 1987). According to an object-centered reference frame (Bremner, Bryant, & Mareschal, 2005;Wade & Swanston, 1996), objects are perceived relative to other objects. For example, on a cloudy night, the moon may appear to be moving in a direction opposite to that of the clouds. In a laboratory setting, this concept is well-illustrated by induced-motion experiments, wherein the motion of one object appears to cause opponent motion in another, otherwise static, object (Duncker, 1929(Duncker, /1938. Frames of referenceFrom a functional perspective, the creation of perceptual relative frames of reference may be one mechanism evolved by the brain to represent the motion of individual objects in a scene. This ability appears especially important when considering that the meaningfulness of the motion of a particular object can often be compromised by the motion of another object. For example, when looking at a person waving a hand from a moving train, the motion components of the hand and the train become mixed together. By representing the motion of the hand rel...

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Section: D Formotion Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

How do object reference frames and motion vector decomposition emerge in laminar cortical circuits?

Grossberg

Léveillé²,

Versace³

2011

Atten Percept Psychophys

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“…Then depth-selective surface capture can occur whereby lightnesses and colors are seen on the correct surfaces in depth, such as during percepts of random dot stereograms (Fang and Grossberg, 2009), and unimodal or bistable percepts of transparency (Grossberg and Yazdanbakhsh, 2005) and the Necker cube (Grossberg and Swaminathan, 2004). In both kinds of bistable percepts, attention shifts can favor one percept over another.…”

Section: Broken or Weakened Boundaries In The Watercolor Illusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was further developed to quantitatively explain and simulate many perceptual and neural data about 3-D vision, including data about the functional role of identified cell types within the laminar circuits of the visual cortex (Cao and Grossberg, 2005;Fang and Grossberg, 2009;Grossberg and Howe, 2003;Grossberg and McLoughlin, 1997;Grossberg and Swaminathan, 2004). A major insight from FACADE theory, and one that is particularly relevant to explaining properties of the watercolor illusion and perceptual wholeness, is how brain mechanisms that represent the 3-D world also respond to 2-D images with 3-D percepts whose figures are separated in depth from their backgrounds (Fang and Grossberg, 2009;Grossberg, 1997;Grossberg and Swaminathan, 2004;Grossberg and Yazdanbkhsh, 2005;Grossberg et al, 2007;Kelly and Grossberg, 2000). These figure-ground mechanisms enable partially overlapping, occluding, and occluded image parts to be separated and completed in depth, as occurs in response to Figs 3(d)-(f) and 5-7.…”

Section: Figure-ground Separation In the Watercolor Illusion: Multiplmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probing Perceptual Antinomies with the Watercolor Illusion and Explaining How the Brain Resolves Them

Tanca

Grossberg

Pinna

2010

Seeing and Perceiving

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The purpose of this work is to study how the brain solves perceptual antinomies, induced by the watercolor illusion in the color and in the figure-ground segregation domain, when they are present in different parts of the same object. The watercolor illusion shows two main effects: a long-range coloration and an objecthole effect across large enclosed areas (Pinna, 1987(Pinna, , 2005(Pinna, , 2008aPinna and Grossberg, 2005;Pinna et al., 2001). This illusion strongly enhances the unilateral belongingness of the boundaries (Rubin, 1915) determining grouping and figure-ground segregation more strongly than the well-known Gestalt principles. Due to the watercolor illusion, both the figure and the background assume new properties becoming, respectively, a bulging object and a hole both with a 3-D volumetric appearance (object-hole effect). When the coloration and the object-hole effects induced by the watercolor illusion are opposite (antinomic) within different portions of the same shape, some questions emerge: Do the antinomies split the shape in two parts (a half shape appears as an object and the other half as a hole) or are they solved through a new emergent perceptual result beyond the single effects? Is there a predominance of one component over the other that is less visible or totally invisible? What is perceptible and what is invisible? Is there a wholeness process under conditions where perceptual antinomies coexist? By imparting motion to a watercolored object that gradually should become a hole while overlapping another object placed behind, is the wholeness of the watercolor object weakened or reorganized in a new way? The results of phenomenological experiments suggested that the antinomies tend to be solved through two complement processes of phenomenal wholeness and partialness. These processes are explained in the light of the FACADE neural model of 3-D vision and figure-ground separation (Grossberg, 1994(Grossberg, , 2003, notably of how complementary cortical boundary and surface representations interact with spatial attention to generate conscious percepts of 3-D form and motion.

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“…The second processing stage selects object boundaries via convolution with a 2D Laplacian-of-Gaussian filter (Section A1, equations (6), (7)). Future model developments will include more sophisticated neural models for 3D vision and figure-ground separation (Cao and Grossberg, 2005;Fang and Grossberg, 2007;Grossberg and Yazdanbakhsh, 2005;Kelly and Grossberg, 2000).…”

Section: Visual Form and Motionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SOVEREIGN: An autonomous neural system for incrementally learning planned action sequences to navigate towards a rewarded goal

Gnadt

Grossberg

2008

Neural Networks

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From stereogram to surface: how the brain sees the world in depth

Cited by 43 publications

References 54 publications

How do object reference frames and motion vector decomposition emerge in laminar cortical circuits?

How do object reference frames and motion vector decomposition emerge in laminar cortical circuits?

Probing Perceptual Antinomies with the Watercolor Illusion and Explaining How the Brain Resolves Them

SOVEREIGN: An autonomous neural system for incrementally learning planned action sequences to navigate towards a rewarded goal

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