From soft to superhard: Fifty years of experiments on cold-compressed graphite

Wang, Y.; Lee, Kanani K. M.

doi:10.3103/s106345761206010x

Cited by 22 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 67 publications

(96 reference statements)

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“…This barrier also explains the hysteresis upon decompression in which rocksalt SiC has been seen to remain until~35-40 GPa after which it transitions back to zinc-blende or B3 SiC [24,25,27]. The slow kinetics is perhaps not surprising as transitions in pure carbon are also quite slow, such as that of cold compressed graphite to M-carbon [55][56][57] or of metastable diamond to graphite. It does mean, however, that we must be aware of the experimental conditions at which high-pressure SiC is studied due to the difficulty in achieving equilibrium conditions.…”

Section: Transition Kineticsmentioning

confidence: 95%

High-Pressure, High-Temperature Behavior of Silicon Carbide: A Review

Daviau

Lee

2018

Crystals

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Abstract:The high-pressure behavior of silicon carbide (SiC), a hard, semi-conducting material commonly known for its many polytypic structures and refractory nature, has increasingly become the subject of current research. Through work done both experimentally and computationally, many interesting aspects of high-pressure SiC have been measured and explored. Considerable work has been done to measure the effect of pressure on the vibrational and material properties of SiC. Additionally, the transition from the low-pressure zinc-blende B3 structure to the high-pressure rocksalt B1 structure has been measured by several groups in both the diamond-anvil cell and shock communities and predicted in numerous computational studies. Finally, high-temperature studies have explored the thermal equation of state and thermal expansion of SiC, as well as the high-pressure and high-temperature melting behavior. From high-pressure phase transitions, phonon behavior, and melting characteristics, our increased knowledge of SiC is improving our understanding of its industrial uses, as well as opening up its application to other fields such as the Earth sciences.

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Section: Transition Kineticsmentioning

confidence: 95%

High-Pressure, High-Temperature Behavior of Silicon Carbide: A Review

Daviau

Lee

2018

Crystals

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“…After that, a series of models including bct-C 4 [74,75]; W-carbon [76]; structurally equivalent Cco-C 8 [46], Z-carbon [77], oC16-II [78], and Zcarbon-8 [79]; structurally equivalent F-carbon [80], S-carbon [47], Z-carbon-1 [79], and M10-carbon [81]; structurally equivalent O-carbon [82], R-carbon [47], and H-carbon [83,84]; structurally equivalent Z4-A3B1 [85] and P-carbon[47]; structurally equivalent S-carbon [83,84] and C-carbon [86]; X-carbon and Ycarbon [87] were proposed. Recently, the high-pressure experiments and transition path sampling calculations indicate M-carbon is the most likely product of cold compression of graphite [88][89][90][91]. These studies offer in-depth understanding of the behaviors of CNTs and graphite under pressure.…”

Section: Theoretical Sectionmentioning

confidence: 96%

High-pressure behaviors of carbon nanotubes

Zhao

Zhou

et al. 2012

J. Superhard Mater.

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High-pressure behaviors of carbon nanotubesIn this paper, we have reviewed the experimental and theoretical studies on pressure-induced polygonization, ovalization, racetrack-shape deformation, and polymerization of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The corresponding electronic, optical, and mechanical changes accompanying these behaviors have been discussed. The transformations of armchair (n, n) CNT bundles (n = 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8) Keywords: pressure-induced carbon nanotubes, polymerization, novel metastable carbons, electronic and mechanical characteristics. INTRODUCTIONCarbon adopts a wide range of allotropes with unique physical and chemical properties, e.g., graphite, diamond, fullerenes, nanotubes, chaoite, graphene, and amorphous carbon due to its ability to form sp-, sp 2 -, and sp 3 -hybridized bonds. Graphite, the most stable form of carbon at ambient pressure, has a layered and planar structure with the stacked graphene layers coupled by delocalized weak π bonds resulting in conductive and soft nature. Graphene, a recently rising star material, is one-atom-thick planar sheet with a honeycomb crystal lattice like that of graphite. Graphene has the amazing conductivity and strongest tensile strength along the planar layer directions but flexile in the other directions because of the conductive, strong, and flexile sp 2 bonds. Fullerenes and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) represent another two classes of fully sp 2 bonding carbons and are the focus of modern nanoscience and nanotechnology. Structurally, fullerenes are hollow graphitic cage structures composed of nonplanar 5-and 6-membered carbon rings. The smallest fullerene is C 20 [1] . Larger fullerene with increased diameter can also be formed [2,3]. Among them, purified C 60 and C 70 are now commercially available. CNTs can be considered as seamless cylinders formed by rolling single-or multilayer graphene. Different rolling manners yield distinct diametral and chiral CNTs. Given these unique configurations, CNTs possess a wide range of chemical and physical properties, e.g., low density, versatile electronic properties (insulating, semiconducting, Pressure is an effective means to induce the sp 2 -to-sp 3 bond change in carbon, and the produced metastable carbon phases strongly depend on the crystal structure and hybridization scheme of raw carbons, as well as on applied hydrostatic/nonhydrostatic pressure. For example, the compression of graphite can experimentally yield cubic and hexagonal diamonds, as well as a superhard coldcompressed post-graphite phase [5][6][7][8][9][10]. The glass carbon under pressure can transform into a superhard amorphous diamond [11], whereas the compression of C 60 and C 70 fullerenes can produce interesting 1D, 2D, and 3D C 60 and C 70 polymers, as well as other elusive new carbon phases [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. Because a variety of CNT configurations can now be synthesized with a high yield, more interesting pressure-induced structural, electronic, and mechanical changes in CNTs are expected an...

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“…Here we focus on methods, which incorporate the use of simultaneous high-p, T techniques to transform materials into superhard materials. The most popular example of a superhard material is diamond, and while diamond is produced in nature, it is due to the high pressures and high temperatures within the deep Earth that turns graphite into this relatively stable, yet metastable phase (e.g., [81]). This transformation, from an abundant and relatively soft material into a rare and superhard material, has attracted researchers to find ways to synthesize other superhard materials.…”

Section: High-p T Synthesis Route Of Superhard Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%