From Social Control towards Political Self-Determination? Maori Seats and the Politics of Separate Maori Representation in New Zealand

Abstract

The principle of guaranteed parliamentary representation for the Maori remains a contentious feature of New Zealand's political structure. This concession originated in 1867 to solve the “Maori problem” by means consistent with the competing interests of government and Maori. But despite intrinsic drawbacks within the present system, neither Maoris nor the major political parties have initiated fundamental reforms in the design of Maori seats for fear of tampering with the status quo. Recently, with the resurgence of Maori assertiveness, developments have transpired aimed at redefining the status of separate representation. Whether or not this strategy for the political accommodation of minority groups can be transferred to other contexts—such as Canada—is open to debate.

Minority Representation, Empowerment, and Participation

“…Creation of the Maori seats was a result of the Europeans’ desire to pacify and assimilate Maori (Sorrenson 1986) and to accelerate the Europeanization of the Maori through their involvement in political affairs and European law (Fleras 1985). Prior to the passage of the Maori Representation Act in 1867, property requirements disqualified most Maori from voting since Maori land was owned communally.…”

“…This underrepresentation became even more pronounced as the number of European electorates continued to increase with population (from 72 in 1867 to 95 in 1993), while the number of Maori electorates remained fixed for 129 years. Thus, while giving the illusion of democratic power sharing, Maori were gerrymandered to the point where they became a permanently outvoted minority in a political system designed to suit majority interests (Fleras 1985).…”

“…4 4 The system of separate electorates also created double standards. For example, the general electorate received the right to a secret ballot in 1870 but it was not extended to Maori until 1937; registration was made compulsory in 1929 for the general electorate but it did not apply to the Maori electorates until 1956 (Fleras 1985). …”

Strategic framing: indigenous culture, identity, and politics

“…This meant that the original four seats were increased to seven seats. Though considered by some as an unfair privilege based on race, the seats are considered by Māori, and by the majority of Pakeha, as a vital component of New Zealand's cultural heritage and as part of the partnership established by the Treaty of Waitangi (Fleras, 1985; Reeves, 1996).…”

“…Their lack of political understanding and language skills made them relatively ineffective in influencing legislation affecting Māori. Moreover, their political inexperience made them vulnerable to various forms of manipulation from more influential forces (Fleras, 1985). It was not until the establishment of the Ratana movement that Māori representatives more effectively influenced policy within Parliament.…”