“…One financier said (Financier A, our translation): This relationship between the two actors in the mango fruit farming hierarchy is not far from that in colonial history. The social class arrangements during the colonial era typically entailed the collaboration between landed elites for extracting resources, land-grabbing, and labor exploitation of the peasant class (Fradera, 2004;Montefrio & Dressler, 2016;Sobritchea, 1981;Ventura, 2016). Also, it is comparable to cronyism in the authoritarian Philippines, where Marcos' conjugal dictatorship controlled numerous industries (Kaul, 1978;Montes, 1995).…”