From Sensor to Cloud: An IoT Network of Radon Outdoor Probes to Monitor Active Volcanoes

Terray, Luca; Royer, L.; Sarramia, David; Achard, Cyrille; Bourdeau, Etienne; Chardon, Patrick; Claude, Alexandre; Fuchet, Jérôme; Gauthier, Pierre‐Jean; Grimbichler, David; Mezhoud, Jérémy; Ogereau, Francis; Vandaele, R.; Breton, Vincent

doi:10.3390/s20102755

Cited by 21 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Thus, the prototype developed in this paper would generate 1000 times more power than required, permitting the installation of more sensors. In those cases that present a higher consumption, one of the main advantages of the proposed device is that, due to the utilization of a constant heat source, the capacity of the required batteries can be greatly reduced, something really interesting since the installed batteries usually have really high capacities [61]. Moreover, the device is very compact and uses passive heat exchangers, reducing maintenance to a minimum due to the absence of mobile parts, aspects of great importance in the application under consideration.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospects of Autonomous Volcanic Monitoring Stations: Experimental Investigation on Thermoelectric Generation from Fumaroles

Catalán

Araiz

Aranguren

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Fumaroles represent evidence of volcanic activity, emitting steam and volcanic gases at temperatures between 70 and 100 ∘ C . Due to the well-known advantages of thermoelectricity, such as reliability, reduced maintenance and scalability, the present paper studies the possibilities of thermoelectric generators, devices based on solid-state physics, to directly convert fumaroles heat into electricity due to the Seebeck effect. For this purpose, a thermoelectric generator composed of two bismuth-telluride thermoelectric modules and heat pipes as heat exchangers was installed, for the first time, at Teide volcano (Canary Islands, Spain), where fumaroles arise in the surface at 82 ∘ C . The installed thermoelectric generator has demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed solution, leading to a compact generator with no moving parts that produces a net generation between 0.32 and 0.33 W per module given a temperature difference between the heat reservoirs encompassed in the 69–86 ∘ C range. These results become interesting due to the possibilities of supplying power to the volcanic monitoring stations that measure the precursors of volcanic eruptions, making them completely autonomous. Nonetheless, in order to achieve this objective, corrosion prevention measures must be taken because the hydrogen sulfide contained in the fumaroles reacts with steam, forming sulfuric acid.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospects of Autonomous Volcanic Monitoring Stations: Experimental Investigation on Thermoelectric Generation from Fumaroles

Catalán

Araiz

Aranguren

et al. 2020

Sensors

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“…The results of the study should encourage further studies on radon in volcanic plumes in order to fully appraise the potential of radon monitoring in ambient air at active volcanoes as a useful tool for volcano monitoring, in complement to other geochemical and geophysical parameters. While passive dosimetry appears of interest as an easy‐to‐deploy and cheap technology to characterize the baseline of in‐air radon activities, efficient volcanic monitoring will require more sophisticated technologies with near‐real time response (e.g., Terray et al, 2020). In particular, it will be of the utmost importance to quantify radon fluxes of primary magmatic origin and to understand how they may vary in relation with shallow magma dynamics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radon Activity in Volcanic Gases of Mt. Etna by Passive Dosimetry

et al. 2020

Self Cite

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Radon (222 Rn) activity in air was measured for about 6 months at the summit of Mt. Etna Central Crater (Sicily) by integrative radon dosimetry at two different heights above ground level (5 cm and 1 m). This technique for air radon monitoring proved operational in the harsh volcanic environment of Mt. Etna summit with a 94% recovery rate of dosimeters. In the southeast sector exposed to the main gas plume, mean radon activity in free air (height 1 m) is significantly higher than the local background and the ground level activity (height 5 cm). The results strongly suggest that the plume is enriched in radon by ≈550 Bq/m 3 , which has never been evidenced before. Radon activities also reflect soil degassing occurring in the proximity of the crater, with increased ground level activities in zones of enhanced soil fracturing and degassing. Radon measurements also revealed a hot spot in front of the Voragine vent with extraordinary high levels of air activities (26 kBq/m 3 at ground level and 8 kBq/m 3 in free air). The temporal variation of radon activity was investigated by replacing a few stations half way through the exposure period. The only significant increase was associated with the site located under the main gas plume and correlated with eruptive unrest within the crater. Finally, air radon levels higher than the recommended threshold of 300 Bq/m 3 were detected in several zones on the rim and could generate a nonnegligible radiologic dose for workers on the volcano.

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“…In [14], an outdoor IoT architecture is proposed. The authors measure radon concentrations and monitor volcano activity.…”

Section: Iot Architecturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Internet of Thing Architecture Based on Message Queuing Telemetry Transport Protocol and Node-RED: A Case Study for Monitoring Radon Gas

2021

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This work aims to monitor air quality in places where humans spend most of their time, such as workplaces and homes. Radon gas is a naturally occurring, colourless, odourless and tasteless gas that accumulates in enclosed spaces. It is a radioactive element produced by the decay of its natural parent elements, uranium and thorium, which is harmful to our respiratory system when inhaled. The Internet of Things (IoT) is the key to the problems of contemporary life; we are witnessing an emerging connected world, and these architectures have the potential by using sensors to take data from the physical world, transfer it over the network and store it for further decision making or action. The proposal of this work is based on a radon sensor connected to an IoT device, the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport protocol (MQTT), the Node-RED for managing data flows and a database management system on a web server. The information collected by the sensor is sent by the IoT device to be processed by Node-RED. The obtained data is stored in a database to be represented on a web server. Therefore, this work includes a case study where the technologies involved in the indoor radon gas monitoring system are presented. It is a way to perform radon gas measurements automatically. The final application would allow: displaying radon concentrations on a map with placemarks and updating the information in real-time. The database could record data from other radon sensors that any user wants to associate with this website.

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From Sensor to Cloud: An IoT Network of Radon Outdoor Probes to Monitor Active Volcanoes

Cited by 21 publications

References 38 publications

Prospects of Autonomous Volcanic Monitoring Stations: Experimental Investigation on Thermoelectric Generation from Fumaroles

Prospects of Autonomous Volcanic Monitoring Stations: Experimental Investigation on Thermoelectric Generation from Fumaroles

Radon Activity in Volcanic Gases of Mt. Etna by Passive Dosimetry

An Internet of Thing Architecture Based on Message Queuing Telemetry Transport Protocol and Node-RED: A Case Study for Monitoring Radon Gas

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