From seen to unseen: Designing keyboard-less interfaces for text entry on the constrained screen real estate of Augmented Reality headsets

Evaluation of Ultrasound Haptics as a Supplementary Feedback Cue for Grasping in Virtual Environments

“…Lee et al developed a dynamic virtual keyboard layout for AR where the characters were positioned depending on their probability within the current input. However, they found dynamic layouts led to low accuracy and mediocre text input, so they proposed a 1-line solution keyboard that improved user performance [22].…”

“…Non-QWERTY alternatives have been explored predominantly to mitigate spatial and input restrictions in immersive environments. However, the main limitation of these approaches is that Users rarely invest time in learning new keyboard layouts [2,22], and they are often not transferable limiting their wider adoption and suggesting that standard QWERTY layouts may be preferable.…”

“…Subsequently text input has recently received increased attention, notably in Virtual Reality (VR), with authors focusing on interaction visualisation challenges [13,14,21,34], typing performance [7,29] and feedback methods [26,28], among others. Typing in Augmented Reality (AR) has also been explored, with the key focus on the use of mid-air gestures [22], combined input mechanisms [8,40] and keyboard representations [22].…”

“…Multi-modal approaches have been extensively evaluated, with speech recognition being a major input method for Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs). However, this presents environmental limitations such as noise, social acceptance [22] and privacy concerns for sensitive information (i.e. passwords and personal messages).…”

“…Selecting character keys on virtual keyboards is often error-prone and inefficient [17,22], as users may experience difficulties to locate small characters or have problems when performing locomotion tasks. Therefore, understanding the additional feedback methods that may aid users to improve their typing performance is an additional key challenge largely unexplored in the literature.…”