From remembering to reconstruction: The transformative neural representation of episodic memory

Xue, Gui

doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102351

Cited by 21 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 186 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Overall, these findings deliver further evidence for a dynamic transformation of representational formats (Paller and Wagner 2002;Xue 2018Xue , 2022Favila et al 2020;Liu et al 2020Liu et al , 2021). Yet, the question remains whether consolidation induces transformations of memory traces from one format to another (i.e., from perceptual to conceptual, losing all perceptual detail) or whether memory traces consist of multiple formats with only their accessibility changing across time, and depending on encoding tasks and/or retrieval cues.…”

Section: The Role Of Representational Formats For Understanding the D...supporting

confidence: 62%

“…Typically, we do not encounter objects without any prior information on their use and behavioral importance but using conceptual representations that are stored in longterm memory (Tulving and Watkins 1975;Xue 2018). At the same time, neural representations are not stable but subject to transformation processes (Xue 2022). According to the neural-psychological-representation-correspondence (NPRC) by Gilboa and Moscovitch (2021) memory traces can occur in different forms, a given episode can be represented in an event-specific visual format, while at the same time containing information about schemas and semantic information from prior knowledge.…”

Section: The Role Of Representational Formats For Understanding the D...mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Representational formats of human memory traces

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Neural representations are internal brain states that constitute the brain’s model of the external world or some of its features. In the presence of sensory input, a representation may reflect various properties of this input. When perceptual information is no longer available, the brain can still activate representations of previously experienced episodes due to the formation of memory traces. In this review, we aim at characterizing the nature of neural memory representations and how they can be assessed with cognitive neuroscience methods, mainly focusing on neuroimaging. We discuss how multivariate analysis techniques such as representational similarity analysis (RSA) and deep neural networks (DNNs) can be leveraged to gain insights into the structure of neural representations and their different representational formats. We provide several examples of recent studies which demonstrate that we are able to not only measure memory representations using RSA but are also able to investigate their multiple formats using DNNs. We demonstrate that in addition to slow generalization during consolidation, memory representations are subject to semantization already during short-term memory, by revealing a shift from visual to semantic format. In addition to perceptual and conceptual formats, we describe the impact of affective evaluations as an additional dimension of episodic memories. Overall, these studies illustrate how the analysis of neural representations may help us gain a deeper understanding of the nature of human memory.

show abstract

Section: The Role Of Representational Formats For Understanding the D...supporting

confidence: 62%

Section: The Role Of Representational Formats For Understanding the D...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Representational formats of human memory traces

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Most notably, during recall we were able to decode conceptual information from frontal and parietal regions. This shift from sensory to multimodal fronto-parietal areas between perception and memory, respectively, has recently gained attention, and has been described as a representational transformation of memories compared to their original representations during the actual experience (Favila et al, 2020; Xue, 2022). It has been suggested that depending on a bias in functional networks towards an encoding or retrieval state, content representations are preferentially expressed in sensory or parietal cortices, respectively, and mediated by differential connectivity with the hippocampus (Long & Kuhl, 2021; Ritchey & Cooper, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the present study, our first goal is to decompose visual object memories into perceptual and conceptual components, and to test if both types of features are equally reinstated, in the same areas representing these features during memory encoding. The latter question is particularly interesting in the light of recent evidence that information reactivated from memory is not necessarily decodable from the same regions during encoding and retrieval (Favila et al, 2020; Xue, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconstructing Spatio-Temporal Trajectories of Visual Object Memories in the Human Brain

Lifanov

Griffiths

Linde-Domingo

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Our understanding of how information unfolds when we recall events from memory remains limited. In this study, we investigate whether the reconstruction of visual object memories follows a backward trajectory along the ventral visual stream with respect to perception, such that their neural feature representations are gradually reinstated from late areas close to the hippocampus backwards to lower-level sensory areas. We use multivariate analyses of fMRI activation patterns to map the constituent features of the object memories onto the brain during retrieval, and EEG-fMRI fusion to track the temporal evolution of the reactivated patterns. Participants studied new associations between verbs and randomly paired object images in an encoding phase, and subsequently recalled the objects when presented with the corresponding verb cue. Decoding reactivated memory features from fMRI activity revealed that retrieval patterns were dominated by conceptual features, represented in comparatively late visual and parietal areas. Representational-similarity-based fusion then allowed us to map the EEG patterns that emerged at each given time point of a trial onto the spatially resolved fMRI patterns. This fusion suggests that memory reconstruction proceeds backwards along the ventral visual stream from anterior fronto-temporal to posterior occipital and parietal regions, in line with a semantic-to-perceptual gradient. A linear regression on the peak time points of reactivated brain regions statistically confirms that the temporal progression is reversed with respect to encoding. Together, the results shed light onto the spatio-temporal trajectories along which memories are reconstructed during associative retrieval, and which features of an image are reconstructed when in time and where in the brain.

show abstract

“…Memory consolidation and schema development are vital components of autobiographical memory, which plays a critical role in fostering self-awareness, connecting individuals with others and the broader world, and reconstructing memories ( Pillemer, 1998 ; Wang, 2013 ; Alea and Wang, 2015 ). Recent research has demonstrated that replay serves a crucial function in memory consolidation, schema development, and generalization, indicating that it is more than just a repetition of past experiences ( Xue, 2022 ). Specifically, replay has been shown to have a planning function, allowing for the quick simulation of tracks in cognitive space through compressed playback ( Arnold et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Neural and Psychological Mechanisms Of Cognitive Reappraisalmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new understanding of the cognitive reappraisal technique: an extension based on the schema theory

Wang

Yin

2023

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cognitive reappraisal is a widely utilized emotion regulation strategy that involves altering the personal meaning of an emotional event to enhance attention to emotional responses. Despite its common use, individual differences in cognitive reappraisal techniques and the spontaneous recovery, renewal, and reinstatement of negative responses across varying contexts may limit its effectiveness. Furthermore, detached reappraisal could cause distress for clients. According to Gross’s theory, cognitive reappraisal is an effortless process that can occur spontaneously. When guided language triggers cognitive reappraisal as an emotion regulation strategy in laboratory or counseling settings, clients experience improved emotional states, but this induced strategy may not necessarily guide them in regulating emotions in similar future situations. Therefore, effectively applying cognitive reappraisal techniques in clinical practice to help clients alleviate emotional distress in daily life remains a significant concern. Exploring the mechanism of cognitive reappraisal reveals that reconstructing stimulus meaning is akin to extinction learning, which entails fostering cognitive contingency that the original stimulus provoking negative emotions will no longer result in negative outcomes in the current context. However, extinction learning is a new learning process rather than an elimination process. The activation of new learning relies on the presentation of critical cues, with contextual cues often playing a vital role, such as a safe laboratory or consulting room environment. We propose a new understanding of cognitive reappraisal based on the schema theory and the dual-system theory, emphasizing the significance of environmental interaction and feedback in constructing new experiences and updating schemata. This approach ultimately enriches the schema during training and integrates the new schema into long-term memory. Bottom-up behavioral experiences as schema enrichment training provide the foundation for top-down regulation to function. This method can assist clients in activating more suitable schemata probabilistically when encountering stimuli in real life, forming stable emotions, and achieving transfer and application across diverse contexts.

show abstract

From remembering to reconstruction: The transformative neural representation of episodic memory

Cited by 21 publications

References 186 publications

Representational formats of human memory traces

Representational formats of human memory traces

Reconstructing Spatio-Temporal Trajectories of Visual Object Memories in the Human Brain

A new understanding of the cognitive reappraisal technique: an extension based on the schema theory

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About