From rapid visual survey to multi-hazard risk prioritisation and numerical fragility of school buildings

Abstract

Abstract. Regional seismic risk assessment is paramount in earthquake-prone areas, for instance, to define and implement prioritisation schemes for earthquake risk reduction. As part of the Indonesia School Programme to Increase Resilience (INSPIRE), this paper proposes an ad hoc rapid-visual-survey form, allowing one to (1) calculate the newly proposed INSPIRE seismic risk prioritisation index, which is an empirical proxy for the relative seismic risk of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings within a given building portfolio; (2) calculate the Papathoma Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment (PTVA) index, in any of its variations; (3) define one or more archetype buildings representative of the analysed portfolio; (4) derive detailed numerical models of the archetype buildings, provided that the simulated design is used to cross-check the model assumptions. The proposed INSPIRE index combines a baseline score, calibrated based on fragility curves, and a performance modifier, calibrated through the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to minimise subjectivity. An attempt to define a multi-hazard prioritisation scheme is proposed, combining the INSPIRE and PTVA indices. Such a multi-level framework is implemented for 85 RC school buildings in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, the most affected city by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake–tsunami sequence. As part of the proposed framework, two archetype buildings representative of the entire portfolio are defined based on the collected data. Their seismic performance is analysed by means of non-linear static analyses, using both the analytical simple lateral mechanism analysis (SLaMA) method and numerical finite-element pushover analyses to investigate the expected plastic mechanisms and derive displacement/drift thresholds to define appropriate damage states. Finally, non-linear dynamic analyses are performed to derive fragility curves for the archetype buildings. This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of the INSPIRE data collection form and proposed index in providing a rational method to derive seismic risk prioritisation schemes and in allowing the definition of archetype buildings for more detailed evaluations/analyses.

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction at Five: Lessons from the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami

“…Challenges remain for applying the developed tsunami fragility functions to future tsunamis in other areas, as building materials or construction types differ by country. Current attempts to solve such issues include numerical (Park et al 2012) and analytical methods (Gentile et al 2019;Suppasri et al 2019) directly using tsunami and building resistance forces to assess building damage. In addition to buildings, other tsunami fragility functions were developed for bridges (Shoji and Nakamura 2017), for the first time using detailed damage data of the 2011 tsunami, as well as for marine vessels (Suppasri et al 2014;Muhari et al 2015), aquaculture rafts and eelgrasses (Suppasri et al 2018a), and fishery port facilities (Imai et al 2019).…”

Optimal Retrofit Selection for Seismically-Deficient Rc Buildings Based on Simplified Performance Assessment

“…In fact, this building typology is defined based on large data collection exercises (e.g. [29,30]) involving Rapid Visual Surveys for over 200 school buildings and collecting administrative, geometric and mechanical data related to the investigated buildings. The resulting index building is a two-storey, ten-bay by three-bay rectangular framed building, representing approximately the 80% of the surveyed schools.…”

“…To this aim, the buildings are simulated designed according to the Uniform Building Code (UBC) [31] and the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 7-10 [32]. In fact, building codes in developing countries are often inspired by the UBC and/or the United States codes [29,30]. However, some of the provisions in such codes have not been applied in the simulated design (e.g.…”

Regional-Scale Seismic Fragility Assessment Based on Gaussian Process Regression

“…The case-study building class selected for this study represents seismically-deficient RC school buildings, defined based on large data collection exercises (e.g. [23,24]) involving Rapid Visual Surveys for over 200 school buildings carried out to collect administrative, geometric and mechanical data related to the investigated buildings.…”

“…To this aim, the buildings are simulated designed according to the Uniform Building Code [28] and the American Society Of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 7-10 [29]. In fact, building codes in the developing countries typically refer (and are fully consistent with) to the UBC and/or the United States codes [23,24]. However, some of the provisions in such codes have not been fully applied (e.g.…”