From Primitive Accumulation to Modernized Poverty: Examining Flush toilets through the Four Invaluation Processes

Abstract

This paper examines the normalized power and social effects of flushtoilets. Beginning by laying a theoretical foundation with the concepts of structural violence, primitive accumulation, and modernized poverty, the section continues by outlining William Dugger's four invaluation processes as a framework of approach. Then, a brief history of flush-toilets is sketched before applying the four invaluation processes: contamination, subordination, emulation, and mystification. Flushtoilets are a complex infrasystem that appear to have a surreptitious organizational, social, and ecological effect that is compounded by some of the formulations and practices within the development industry. Notably with the United Nation "sanitation ladder," Gary White and Matt Damon's NGO Water.org and Damon's subsequent "toilet strike." Providing a reassessment of the social power inherent in flush-toilets, this paper contends that the flush-toilet infrasystem is an accomplice in infrastructural violence and can also be seen as aiding a strategy of primitive accumulation.

Introduction to the special issue: William M. Dugger’s concepts of social and institutional economics

“…The final paper in this special issue, "From Primitive Accumulation to Modernized Poverty: Examining Flush Toilets through the Four Invalidation Processes", by Alexander Dunlap (2019), critically evaluates the contribution of flush toilet "infrasystems" to human health and the environment through the window of Dugger's four mechanisms of "invaluation" (contamination, subordination, emulation and mystification). Flush toilet systems are the normal means of emasculating human waste products in developed nations, but globally they are still in the minority of households (especially in the periphery).…”