From poverty to exclusion: a wage‐earning society or a society of human rights?

Rethinking poverty: definition and measurement

“…In the 1970s, for example, the concept of social exclusion was applied to refer to the process which compelled many people to be excluded from benefiting from the market, as caused by chronic unemployment. This concept broadened by the 1990s in such a way that the excluded were now referred to as the “whole groups of people partly or completely outside the effective scope of human rights” (Strobel ).…”

Multidimensional Poverty Measurement

“…8 This is an imperfect example because, in setting the international poverty line, the UNDP has arbitrarily valued the consumption necessary in various societies, without taking cultural, geographic, or value aspects into consideration. 9 Different forms of poverty, for example, include such concepts as cumulative poverty-combining monetary poverty, poor living conditions, and feeling of inability to deal with difficult conditions-and selective poverty-people who say they are not poor but are generally manifesting poor living conditions (Strobel 1996). made to derive some subjective poverty standards through opinion polls and surveys in which respondents are asked to indicate the levels of income, consumption, or welfare deemed necessary to have a non-poor life style. Surveys include what are called 'Minimum Income Questions' regarding the sufficiency of incomes to derive poverty standards applicable to households with different characteristics which are then aggregated to develop appropriate poverty thresholds (Gordon 2000;Hagenaars 1986;Pradhan and Ravallion 2000;Streeten 1998;Saunders et al 1994).…”

“…In the 1970s, for example, when the spectacular economic growth began to slow down in Europe and when a large segment of the population remained unemployed, the concept of social exclusion was applied to refer to the process which compelled many people to be excluded from the market as well as policy resources. This unemployment-based concept of social exclusion broadened by the 1990s in such a way that the excluded were now referred to as the "whole groups of people…partly or completely outside the effective scope of human rights" (Strobel 1996).…”

“…Poverty measurement, for example, has implications for identifying who is poor and who is not. Because the state and other relevant agencies use poverty measurement outcomes in targeting economic tatives (Burchardt et al 2002;de Wit 1996;Figueroa et al 1996;Gore et al 1995;Strobel 1996;Taylor 1999;UNDP 2000a;Wagle 2002Wagle , 2005. and social policies, any misguided measurement approach would have adverse impact on policy actions.…”

Social and transport exclusion

“…This being, among other things, the integration of all of its citizens into the social order and the provision of the chance to participate in its functioning. This leads to the weakening of social links in society and its disintegration or fragmentation, resulting, therefore, in a systematically-conditioned process of marginalisation (Strobel 1996). As with the Anglo-Saxon model, the French ideological current focused primarily on the integration of marginalised individuals or groups into the labour market as the main mechanism to ensure social cohesion.…”