From polymeric nanoreactors to artificial organelles

Peters, Ruud J. R. W.; Louzao, Iria; Hest, Jan C. M. van

doi:10.1039/c2sc00803c

Cited by 193 publications

(180 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…1). While rational design of such sophisticated self-assembled multistep microreactors is some way from becoming a reality, the principle of single compartment, self-assembled catalytic capsules has already been demonstrated [1][2][3]. For example, enzymes encapsulated within polymersomes have recently been shown to be able to generate and release antibiotics in bacterial cultures [4].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of nucleic acid–lipid conjugates for the programmable organisation of liposomal modules

Beales

Vanderlick

2014

Advances in Colloid and Interface Science

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of nucleic acid–lipid conjugates for the programmable organisation of liposomal modules

Beales

Vanderlick

2014

Advances in Colloid and Interface Science

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“…At its most basic, a microreactor consists of a semipermeable shell through which reactants and products can pass and an interior environment where reactions can occur. Notable examples of compartments that have been used as microreactors include liposomes 1 , polymer capsules 2,3 , colloidosomes 4,5 , hydrogels and liquid-liquid emulsions (oil/water 6,7 , aqueous/aqueous [8][9][10] ), in which individual droplets can be considered as microreactors 11 . Interior reactivity can be facilitated by catalysts that are either physically trapped in the interior (for example, by a membrane), or concentrated there on the basis of preferential solubility (for example, in a water/oil biphasic system) 6 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Bioreactor droplets from liposome-stabilized all-aqueous emulsions

et al. 2014

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Artificial bioreactors are desirable for in vitro biochemical studies and as protocells. A key challenge is maintaining a favourable internal environment while allowing substrate entry and product departure. We show that semipermeable, size-controlled bioreactors with aqueous, macromolecularly crowded interiors can be assembled by liposome stabilization of an all-aqueous emulsion. Dextran-rich aqueous droplets are dispersed in a continuous polyethylene glycol (PEG)-rich aqueous phase, with coalescence inhibited by adsorbed B130-nm diameter liposomes. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and dynamic light scattering data indicate that the liposomes, which are PEGylated and negatively charged, remain intact at the interface for extended time. Inter-droplet repulsion provides electrostatic stabilization of the emulsion, with droplet coalescence prevented even for submonolayer interfacial coatings. RNA and DNA can enter and exit aqueous droplets by diffusion, with final concentrations dictated by partitioning. The capacity to serve as microscale bioreactors is established by demonstrating a ribozyme cleavage reaction within the liposome-coated droplets.

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“…AB diblock copolymers such as polystyrene-poly(acrylic acid) (PS-PAA), polystyrenepoly(3-(isocyano-L-alanylaminoethyl)thiophene) (PS-PIAT), or poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(butadiene) (PEO-PBD) can be used for polymersome preparation. Other building blocks comprise ABA triblocks such as poly(2-methyloxazoline)-poly(dimethylsiloxane)-poly(2-methyloxazoline) (PMOXA-PDMS-PMOXA) and ABC triblock copolymers such as poly(ethylene oxide)-poly( -caprolactone)-poly(acrylic acid) (PEO-PCL-PAA) (39,40). While the amphiphilic AB diblock copolymers form bilayered vesicles in the way phospholipids do, ABA and ABC triblock copolymers tend to form monolayered vesicles to expose their hydrophilic A and C polymers to the aqueous bulk and capsule interior, respectively.…”

Section: Polymersomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzyme Immobilization by Microencapsulation: Methods, Materials, and Technological Applications

Rother

Nidetzky

2014

Encyclopedia of Industrial Biotechnology

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Microencapsulation as a major technique of enzyme immobilization is reviewed. Fabrication of enzyme‐containing microcapsules is broadly categorized according to whether a semipermeable membrane coating or a porous polymeric network structure is primarily responsible for enclosure of enzymes within the internal microcapsule phase. Microcapsules are mostly spherical with diameters usually in the micro‐ to millimeter range and exhibit core‐shell structures of variable complexity. Liposomes and vesicles formed from amphiphilic (co)‐polymers (polymersomes) are widely used to prepare membrane‐coated microcapsules. Hydrogels, sol–gels and other organic–inorganic hybrid materials, or layer‐by‐layer structures made through controlled assembly of polyelectrolytes are used to prepare microcapsules composed of internal polymeric networks. Method combination where polymeric network microcapsules are coated with a suitable membrane to generate tailored core‐shell structures is also used for enzyme encapsulation. Advances in the material sciences contribute to the development of microcapsules with improved properties such as enhanced morphological stability, reduced enzyme leakage, and designed physicochemical permeability and enzyme biocompatibility. Soluble enzymes, but also enzyme aggregates and other insoluble enzyme preparations, are encapsulated. Multienzyme microcapsules are interesting small‐scale bioreactors for confined and even compartmentalized cascade biotransformation. Techniques of microcapsule preparation are described, and applications of microencapsulated enzymes in biotechnology and biomedicine are discussed.

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From polymeric nanoreactors to artificial organelles

Cited by 193 publications

References 67 publications

Application of nucleic acid–lipid conjugates for the programmable organisation of liposomal modules

Application of nucleic acid–lipid conjugates for the programmable organisation of liposomal modules

Bioreactor droplets from liposome-stabilized all-aqueous emulsions

Enzyme Immobilization by Microencapsulation: Methods, Materials, and Technological Applications

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